Association of Alzheimer's disease and Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Stallings, Tiffany L.

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2008.03.013

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Additionally, spirochetal and Cpn bacteria may be present only in small, focal regions of brains such that testing may yield negative results despite repeated and methodical testing of the same specimens [27]. Differences in DNA preparation such as whether proteases were used and differing cut-off values of immunoglobulin titers could also help explain the contradictory results [28]. In both the early and late phases of infection with the Lyme disease-causing spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, the antibody levels may be within normal limits thus suggesting that direct measurement of antigens within the brain may be needed to confirm serology results [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Infection and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Maheshwari

Eslick

2014

JAD

150

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The possibility of an infectious etiology for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been repeatedly postulated over the past three decades. We provide the first meta-analysis to address the relationship between bacterial infection and AD. Studies examining the association between AD and spirochetal bacteria or Chlamydophila pneumoniae (Cpn) were identified through a systematic search of the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Data combined from 25 relevant, primarily case-control studies demonstrated a statistically significant association between AD and detectable evidence of infection of either bacterial group. We found over a ten-fold increased occurrence of AD when there is detectable evidence of spirochetal infection (OR: 10.61; 95% CI: 3.38-33.29) and over a four-fold increased occurrence of AD in a conservative risk estimate (OR: 4.45; 95% CI: 2.33-8.52). We found over a five-fold increased occurrence of AD with Cpn infection (OR: 5.66; 95% CI: 1.83-17.51). This study shows a strongly positive association between bacterial infection and AD. Further detailed investigation of the role of bacterial infection is warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Infection and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Maheshwari

Eslick

2014

JAD

150

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“…Despite unquestionable role of C. pneumoniae in pathogenesis of respiratory infections there are many questions about involvement of the pathogen in development other human diseases including atherosclerosis 1, multiple sclerosis 2,3, Alzheimer's disease 4, lymphogranuloma 5, reactive arthritis 6, Guillain-Barre syndrome 7. The progress in that field is substantially complicated by the lack of standardized criteria for laboratory diagnostics of chronic C. pneumoniae infection as well as contradictory information about distribution of the pathogen throughout of the tissues of human body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ISOLATION OF CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE FROM SERUM SAMPLES OF THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Petyaev¹,

Zigangirova²,

Petyaev³

et al. 2010

Int. J. Med. Sci.

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BACKGROUND: Limited body of evidence suggests that lipopolysaccharide of C. pneumoniae as well as C. pneumoniae-specific immune complexes can be detected and isolated from human serum. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of viable elementary bodies of C.pneumoniae in serum samples of patients with acute coronary syndrome and healthy volunteers.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Serum specimens from 26 healthy volunteers and 56 patients with acute coronary syndrome were examined subsequently by serological (C.pneumoniae-specific IgA and IgG), PCR-based and bacteriological methods. Conventional, nested and TaqMan PCR were used to detect C.pneumoniae genetic markers (ompA and 16S rRNA) in DNA from serum specimens extracted with different methods. An alternative protocol which included culturing high-speed serum sediments in HL cells and further C.pneumoniae growth evaluation with immunofluorescence analysis and TaqMan PCR was established. Pellet fraction of PCR-positive serum specimens was also examined by immunoelectron microscopy.RESULTS: Best efficiency of final PCR product recovery from serum specimens has been shown with specific C. pneumoniae primers using phenol-chloroform DNA extraction protocol. TaqMan PCR analysis revealed that human serum of patients with acute coronary syndrome may contain genetic markers of C. pneumoniae with bacterial load range from 200 to 2000 copies/ml serum. However, reliability and reproducibility of TaqMan PCR were poor for serum specimens with low bacterial copy number (<200 /ml). Combination of bacteriological, immunofluorescence and PCR- based protocols applied for the evaluating HL cells infected with serum sediments revealed that 21.0 % of the patients with acute coronary syndrome have viable forms C.pneumoniae in serum. The detection rate of C.pneumoniae in healthy volunteers was much lower (7.7%). Immunological profile of the patients did not match accurately C.pneumoniae detection rate in serum specimens. Elementary bodies of C.pneumoniae with typical ultrastructural characteristics were also identified in serum sediments using immunoelectron microscopy.Conclusions: Viable forms C. pneumoniae with typical electron microscopic structure can be identified and isolated from serum specimens of the patients with acute coronary syndrome and some healthy volunteers. Increased detection rate of C. pneumoniae in serum among the patients with an acute coronary syndrome may contribute towards enhanced pro-inflammatory status in cardiovascular patients and development of secondary complications of atherosclerosis.

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“…Chlamydia Among several bacterial species that have shown an association with AD, Chlamydiophila pneumoniae, formerly Chlamydia pneumoniae, may have a role in the onset of the disease. C. pneumoniae is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the respiratory tract and can cause pneumonia, bronchitis, and mild symptoms of a sore throat and cough [37]. Several studies have indicated that C. pneumoniae can be found in AD brains, although there is conflicting evidence.…”

Section: Toxoplasma Gondiimentioning

confidence: 99%

An Association of Pathogens and Biofilms with Alzheimer’s Disease

Chakravarthi

Joshi

2021

Microorganisms

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As one of the leading causes of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a condition in which individuals experience progressive cognitive decline. Although it is known that beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of tau fibrils are hallmark characteristics of AD, the exact causes of these pathologies are still mostly unknown. Evidence that infectious diseases may cause AD pathology has been accumulating for decades. The association between microbial pathogens and AD is widely studied, and there are noticeable correlations between some bacterial species and AD pathologies, especially spirochetes and some of the oral microbes. Borrelia burgdorferi has been seen to correlate with Aβ plaques and NFTs in infected cells. Because of the evidence of spirochetes in AD patients, Treponema pallidum and other oral treponemes are speculated to be a potential cause of AD. T. pallidum has been seen to form aggregates in the brain when the disease disseminates to the brain that closely resemble the Aβ plaques of AD patients. This review examines the evidence as to whether pathogens could be the cause of AD and its pathology. It offers novel speculations that treponemes may be able to induce or correlate with Alzheimer’s disease.

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Association of Alzheimer's disease and Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Cited by 8 publications

References 60 publications

Bacterial Infection and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Bacterial Infection and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis

ISOLATION OF CHLAMYDIA PNEUMONIAE FROM SERUM SAMPLES OF THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

An Association of Pathogens and Biofilms with Alzheimer’s Disease

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