Association of a Subjective Muscle Score With Increased Angles of Flexion During Sitting Trot in Dressage Horses

Walker, V.A.; Tranquille, C.A.; Dyson, Sue; Spear, Jo; Murray, Rachel C.

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2016.01.011

Cited by 23 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…; Walker et al . ) and the presence of pain or abnormal muscle tension were each recorded on a binary yes/no scale. Horses were examined moving in hand at walk and trot in straight lines on a firm surface.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A subjective descriptive study of the warm‐up and turn to a fence, approach, take‐off, suspension, landing and move‐off in 10 showjumpers

Dyson

Tranquille

Walker

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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SummaryThere is limited knowledge about causes of musculoskeletal injury in showjumpers. The objectives were to describe features of the turn, approach and jump in a group of experienced showjumpers believed by their riders to be sound, to relate these findings to clinical findings, and to identify features that may predispose to injury. Ten experienced showjumpers in normal competition training jumped an upright and a parallel fence four times off the left and right reins respectively, after a rider-defined period of warm-up. Real-time and high-speed motion capture was undertaken. Detailed subjective assessment of the gait was performed during the warm-up, on the turn and approach to the jump and all phases of the jump. Six horses had thoracolumbar pain or epaxial muscle tension. Six horses exhibited a poor-quality canter. The mean duration of warmup was 7 min (range 5-10 min). All horses had lean of the trunk and hindlimbs >45°on the turn. The inside hindlimb was placed in front of the outside hindlimb in 75% of the turns. Sideways oscillations of the hocks during stance were seen in all horses on the turn and on the straight approach in five horses. The inside hindlimb had greater magnitude of oscillation than the outside hindlimb on the turns. Repeated asynchronous push-off with the hindlimbs at take-off was seen in three horses. The hindlimbs drifted to the left or right during the ascent-phase of suspension in four horses, reflecting asymmetrical push-off. Only two horses landed consistently with the correct forelimb leading relative to the direction in which the horse had to turn after the fence. Four horses landed seven (n = 2) or eight (n = 2) times each with the left (n = 2) and right (n = 2) forelimbs respectively. Repetitive overload through asymmetrical use of the left and right canter leads, inadequate warm-up, and limb instability could potentially predispose to injury.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A subjective descriptive study of the warm‐up and turn to a fence, approach, take‐off, suspension, landing and move‐off in 10 showjumpers

Dyson

Tranquille

Walker

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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show abstract

“…These contradicting results might originate from different muscle mass assessment methods used. While we applied a muscle development scoring system leading to six regional scores (Walker et al, 2016), Siard (2017) used a picture based whole body muscle scoring system (Graham-Thiers and Kronfeld, 2005), and ultrasound and deuterium oxide dilution based fat free mass estimations (Dugdale et al, 2011;Lehnhard et al, 2004). Furthermore, different outcomes of these two studies may be due to analysis of the data using different statistical methods, as well as using different age-range of horses studied (range: 15-30 yrs in the current pilot study, vs range: 18-29 yrs in Siard (2017)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Muscle mass was determined using a previously designed, subjective, 5-point muscle development scoring system (5=best muscle development) (Walker et al, 2016). Muscle mass was evaluated by three individuals, on the left side of the horse, and scores were recorded for 6 regions: neck, thorax, abdomen, hindlimb, pelvis and lumbosacral region.…”

Section: Muscle Mass Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods for combining multiple correlated biomarkers with application to the study of low-grade inflammation and muscle mass in senior horses

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The simplest analysis of biomarker data is based on a series of single biomarker hypothesis tests, followed by correction for multiple testing. However, it is intuitively plausible that a joint analysis of multiple biomarkers will have higher statistical power and promise improved discrimination over tests based on single markers. In this article, we study analytical properties of the approach for joint analysis of correlated summary statistics based on the test for quadratic forms (TQ). Based on the derivation of the TQ-distribution, we proposed a scale-location approximation of the TQ statistic, which we call approximate TQ. We show that the approximate TQ has very similar power to the traditional TQ test under varying correlation structures among biomarkers. Our application of both the TQ and the approximate TQ test to data on biomarkers for inflamm-aging -an agerelated low-grade chronic inflammation -reveals an association between the percentage of IFNγ positive lymphocytes and overall muscle condition in senior horses.

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“…Repeatability of marker tracking was determined by tracking all markers and derived angles three times in five horses. A coefficient of variance of < 3 % was determined and deemed acceptable based on previous studies (Walker et al 2013a(Walker et al , 2013b(Walker et al , 2016(Walker et al , 2018.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do back kinematics of elite horses change over consecutive days of jumping the same course?

Walker¹,

Tranquille²,

Harris³

et al. 2019

PHK

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Show jumping kinematics at take-off, during flight and at landing has been investigated but has mainly focused on the limbs; there has been limited investigation of the back during jumping. However one study indicated that there are considerable differences in back kinematics between good and poor jumpers suggesting that back kinematics are important for jumping performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate head, neck and back kinematics of elite horses during take-off jumping an upright and parallel spread fence over two consecutive days of jumping the same course. Ten mixed breed elite level showjumping horses were opportunistically evaluated jumping the same 15 fence course (1.35 m) during a British Equestrian Federation World Class Performance three-day training session. Two fences were evaluated using high-speed motion-capture (250 Hz). Head, neck and back kinematics of the horse were determined at take-off, at vertical orientation of leading and trailing third metacarpus/tarsus, hindlimb to forelimb suspension phase and as the trailing hindlimb left the floor. The results showed that certain movement features were repeatable between days (HN, NT and LSHorz angle). There were also differences observed, suggesting that not all movement patterns were consistent between days. No differences were observed between the upright and parallel spread fence and speed was not significantly different between days. Our findings suggest that specific features of the horse's neck and back angles are not repeatable even over successful jumping efforts of the same fences within the same course over two consecutive days of jumping. These findings could have an influence on many aspects of performance and potentially influence scientific measurement protocols. Citation: Walker V. A., Tranquille C. A., Harris P., Roberts C., McEwen J., Murray R. C. (2019) Do back kinematics of elite horses change over consecutive days of jumping the same course? Pferdeheilkunde 35, 246-252;

show abstract

Association of a Subjective Muscle Score With Increased Angles of Flexion During Sitting Trot in Dressage Horses

Cited by 23 publications

References 47 publications

A subjective descriptive study of the warm‐up and turn to a fence, approach, take‐off, suspension, landing and move‐off in 10 showjumpers

A subjective descriptive study of the warm‐up and turn to a fence, approach, take‐off, suspension, landing and move‐off in 10 showjumpers

Methods for combining multiple correlated biomarkers with application to the study of low-grade inflammation and muscle mass in senior horses

Do back kinematics of elite horses change over consecutive days of jumping the same course?

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