Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States

Phadke, Varun K; Bednarczyk, Robert A.; Salmon, Daniel A.; Omer, Saad B.

doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1353

Cited by 623 publications

(483 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Nonmedical vaccine exemptions have been on the rise in the United States (1,(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). The rates of nonmedical vaccine exemptions are not evenly distributed among communities, which indicates that obtaining nonmedical vaccine exemptions tends to be a socially and spatially clustered behavior (27,28,36).…”

Section: Nonmedical Vaccine Exemptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clustering of vaccine refusal creates "hot spots" in communities where herd/community immunity against vaccine preventable disease is compromised. Several important studies have pointed to nonmedical vaccine exemptions being a factor that has likely contributed to the increasing rates of pertussis cases in the United States (26)(27)(28)(29).…”

Section: Nonmedical Vaccine Exemptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have suggested reasons for the resurgence of pertussis in the United States, including waning immunity from the acellular pertussis vaccine that replaced whole cell vaccine (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18); medical advancements that have allowed more effective diagnosis and reporting of pertussis cases (19,20); asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis from individuals vaccinated with the acellular pertussis vaccine (21,22); evolving variant strains of B. pertussis circulating that are less protected by the vaccine (23)(24)(25); and a decrease in vaccine coverage that has compromised herd/community immunity (1,(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35). It is clear that the rise in reported pertussis cases in the United States is a multifaceted problem not fully captured in national or state-level data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States

Aloe

Kulldorff

Bloom

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Because of increased numbers of recorded pertussis cases in the United States, this study sought to understand the role of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and waning immunity may have had on the resurgence of pertussis in the United States at the community level. We used geospatial scan statistics, SaTScan, version 9.4, to analyze nonmedical vaccine exemptions of children entering kindergarten in 2011 and 2012 and reported pertussis cases in 2012 for children in age groups 5 years and younger and 10 to 14 years. Eight statistically significant clusters of nonmedical vaccine exemptions in kindergarteners and 11 statistically significant clusters of pertussis cases in children and adolescents were identified and geospatially linked. Forty-five percent of the counties in the study had high rates of nonmedical vaccine exemptions. The proportion of kindergarteners with nonmedical vaccine exemptions was 2.8 times larger in the identified exemption clusters. In addition, 31 counties had geographic clusters of high rates of pertussis in children ages 10 to 14 years old, consistent with waning immunity. Our findings are consistent with the view that geographic clusters of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and waning immunity may have been factors contributing to community-level pertussis outbreaks.

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Section: Nonmedical Vaccine Exemptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nonmedical Vaccine Exemptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States

Aloe

Kulldorff

Bloom

2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In a review of 18 measles studies published between 2000 and 2015, Phadke et al [51] found that of the 1416 measles cases, 56 % had no history of vaccination and 41 % had nonmedical exemptions. Such interference should not be permitted in an age armed with the technological means to eradicate human disease.…”

Section: Vaccines Available For Measles Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority

Leibovitch

Jacobson

2016

Neurotherapeutics

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Vaccines for neuroinfectious diseases are becoming an ever-increasing global health priority, as neurologic manifestations and sequelae from existing and emerging central nervous system infections account for significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. The prevention of neurotropic infections can be achieved through globally coordinated vaccination campaigns, which have successfully eradicated nonzoonotic agents such as the variola viruses and, hopefully soon, poliovirus. This review discusses vaccines that are currently available or under development for zoonotic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, Zika, encephalitic equine viruses, and chikungunya. Also discussed are nonzoonotic agents, including measles and human herpesviruses, as well as select bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens. While therapeutic vaccines will be required to treat a multitude of ongoing infections of the nervous system, the ideal vaccination strategy is preexposure vaccination, with the ultimate goals of minimizing disease associated with zoonotic viruses and the total eradication of nonzoonotic agents.

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“…Such protests culminated in a new Vaccination Act in 1898 that removed penalties and introduced a conscience clause, allowing parents who did not believe in vaccine safety or efficacy to obtain a certificate of exemption. Notably, such non-medical exemptions still exist today and their frequency is steadily increasing in some US states, despite links to outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as measles 2 . Recently, several 'controversies' have been exploited by anti-vaccine advocates, including alleged links between DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis) immunizations and neurological conditions; and the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccine and thimerosal (a mercury-containing preservative included in some vaccine formulations) with autism 3 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the wrong side of history

2017

Nat Microbiol

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Association Between Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States

Cited by 623 publications

References 71 publications

Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States

Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States

Vaccinations for Neuroinfectious Disease: A Global Health Priority

On the wrong side of history

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