Association between uterine disease and indicators of neutrophil and systemic energy status in lactating Holstein cows

Galvão, Klibs N.; Flaminio, M. Julia B.F.; Brittin, S.B.; Sper, R.; Fraga, Martín; Caixeta, Luciano; Ricci, Alessandro; Guard, C.L.; Butler, Walter; Gilbert, R.O.

doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2551

Cited by 187 publications

(168 citation statements)

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“…Glucose is stored as glycogen within the PMN. Concentrations of glycogen in PMN decrease in a manner that is similar to the decrease in blood glucose postpartum with a lag period of~7 days (Galvão et al, 2010). The lag in the decrease in PMN glycogen may represent the time required for glycogen loading during maturation of PMN.…”

Section: Lucy Butler and Garverickmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The lag in the decrease in PMN glycogen may represent the time required for glycogen loading during maturation of PMN. Galvão et al (2010) observed that cows developing uterine disease had lesser concentrations of glycogen in their PMN. Their conclusion was that lesser glycogen reserve led to a reduced capacity for oxidative burst in PMN and uterine disease.…”

Section: Lucy Butler and Garverickmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Lucy

Butler

Garverick

2014

Animal

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Milk and milk solids production per cow is increasing annually in dairy systems. Peak milk production is in early lactation when the uterus and ovary are recovering from the previous pregnancy. The competing processes of milk production and restoration of reproductive function can be at odds, particularly if unique homeorhetic mechanisms that typify early lactation become imbalanced and cows experience metabolic disease. Homeorhesis leads to an increase in the synthesis of glucose that is irreversibly lost to milk lactose. Irreversible loss of glucose during lactation can invoke an endocrine and metabolic state that impinges upon postpartum uterine health, oestrous cyclicity and subsequent establishment of pregnancy. The first 30 days postpartum may be most critical in terms of the impact that metabolites and metabolic hormones have on reproduction. Depressed immune function caused in part by the postpartum metabolic profile leads to a failure in uterine involution and uterine disease. Oestrous cyclicity (interval to first ovulation and subsequent periodicity) is affected by the same hormones and metabolites that control postpartum immune function. Slower growth of the embryo or foetus perhaps explained by the unique metabolic profile during lactation may predispose cows to pregnancy loss. Understanding homeorhetic mechanisms that involve glucose and collectively affect postpartum uterine health, oestrous cyclicity and the establishment of pregnancy should lead to methods to improve postpartum fertility in dairy cows.Keywords: glucose, IGF1, insulin, pregnancy, dairy cow ImplicationsCompeting processes of milk production and reproduction can be at odds in dairy cows, particularly if the unique metabolic processes that typify early lactation become imbalanced. A potential end result is that cows do not become pregnant during the breeding period. The need to replace infertile cows adds to the cost of production. Understanding basic mechanisms that link the first 60 days of lactation with the subsequent success or failure of establishing pregnancy during the breeding period, therefore, is an important area of research for the dairy industry. IntroductionWithin most dairy production systems, milk or milk solids production per cow is increasing annually. The average United States dairy cow, for example, produces in excess of 9500 kg of milk annually. Peak milk production is in early lactation (within 30 to 60 days after calving) when the uterus is involuting and the ovary is restoring the cyclic processes that lead to oestrus, ovulation, and the formation of a corpus luteum. Competing processes of milk production, uterine involution, and the restoration of ovarian activity can be at odds, particularly if the unique homeorhetic processes that typify early lactation become imbalanced and there is metabolic disease. A potential end result of the competition between high milk production and the reproductive system is that cows do not become pregnant during the breeding period which is typically initiated at~60 days after...

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Section: Lucy Butler and Garverickmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Lucy Butler and Garverickmentioning

confidence: 90%

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Lucy

Butler

Garverick

2014

Animal

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“…Negative balances of energy or metabolizable protein may be a major contributing factor (Ingvartsen and Moyes, 2013). Galvão et al (2010a) found that glycogen content of neutrophils (reserve of glucose, the main fuel for neutrophil functions) was lower in early postpartum cows, and was associated with decreased functions of those cells. An inadequate supply of metabolizable protein has been related to impaired function of the immune system (Houdijk et al, 2001).…”

Section: Transition Nutritional Management In Tmr-fed Herdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prepartum and postpartum nutritional management to optimize fertility in high-yielding dairy cows in confined TMR systems

Drackley

Cardoso

2014

Animal

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The 6 to 8-week period centered on parturition, known as the transition or periparturient period, is critical to welfare and profitability of individual cows. Fertility of high-producing cows is compromised by difficult transitions. Deficiencies in either nutritional or non-nutritional management increase risk for periparturient metabolic disorders and infectious diseases, which decrease subsequent fertility. A primary factor impeding fertility is the extent of negative energy balance (NEB) early postpartum, which may inhibit timing of first ovulation, return to cyclicity, and oocyte quality. In particular, pronounced NEB during the first 10 days to 2 weeks (the time of greatest occurrence of health problems) is critical for later reproductive efficiency. Avoiding over-conditioning and preventing cows from over-consuming energy relative to their requirements in late gestation result in higher dry matter intake (DMI) and less NEB after calving. A pooled statistical analysis of previous studies in our group showed that days to pregnancy are decreased (by 10 days) by controlling energy intake to near requirements of cows before calving compared with allowing cows to over-consume energy. To control energy intake, total mixed rations (TMR) must be well balanced for metabolizable protein, minerals and vitamins yet limit total DM consumed, and cows must uniformly consume the TMR without sorting. Dietary management to maintain blood calcium and rumen health around and after calving also are important. Opportunities may exist to further improve energy status in fresh cows. Recent research to manipulate the glucogenic to lipogenic balance and the essential fatty acid content of tissues are intriguing. High-producing cows that adapt successfully to lactation can have high reproductive efficiency, and nutritional management of the transition period both pre-and post-calving must facilitate that adaptation.Keywords: transition period, reproduction, nutrition, metabolic disorders ImplicationsNutritional strategies and feeding management during precalving and post-calving periods impact health, productivity and fertility of high-producing dairy cows. Formulating diets to meet requirements of the cows but avoid over-consumption of energy may improve outcomes of the transition period and lead to improved fertility. Management to improve cow comfort and ensure good intake of the ration is pivotal for success. Impacts of the transition program should be evaluated in a holistic way that considers disease occurrence, productivity and fertility. IntroductionReproductive success is critical to the profitability and sustainability of dairy farms using confined total mixed ration (TMR)-based systems. Successful reproduction depends on a coordinated series of physiological events, including resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum, development and ovulation of a viable oocyte, fertilization, restoration of the uterus, embryo development and implantation, and maintenance of pregnancy until fetal maturation (Butler, 2003;Garnsworthy et a...

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“…Metritis and endometritis are frequently observed due to dystocia. Cows that develop uterine disease experience a reduction in neutrophil function such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and killing ability around calving (Galvao et al 2010). This may result in increasing the rate of udder infections due to immune suppression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of mastitis during the first lactation on production and reproduction performance of Holstein cows

Moussavi

Mesgaran

Gilbert

2012

Trop Anim Health Prod

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of postpartum mastitis between first calving and subsequent conception on production and reproduction performance as well as culling of Holstein cows. A data set of 9,183 first lactation cows was used. Results showed that the first cumulative 100 days' milk production and the milk yield standardized to 305 days were affected by the interval from calving to first mastitis (P<0.05). Cows with one episode of mastitis produced more milk than those with repeated episodes of mastitis (P < 0.01). Increase in the number of mastitis episodes and also decrease in interval between first calving and mastitis increased services per conception (P<0.001). Mastitis episode and the interval between calving and first mastitis had no apparent impact on the calving to conception interval (P>0.05). Calving year, calving difficulty score, and cumulative first 60 days milk production had significant impacts on mastitis risk (P<0.05). The interval from calving to the first incidence of mastitis decreased over the period studied (P<0.001). Productive life tended to be decreased due to mastitis (P00.07). Survival analysis showed a significant difference between the lengths of productive life for cows with different intervals from calving to first mastitis (P<0.01). The results demonstrated that clinical mastitis between first calving and conception reduced production and reproduction performance with an increase in chance of culling.

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Association between uterine disease and indicators of neutrophil and systemic energy status in lactating Holstein cows

Cited by 187 publications

References 45 publications

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Endocrine and metabolic mechanisms linking postpartum glucose with early embryonic and foetal development in dairy cows

Prepartum and postpartum nutritional management to optimize fertility in high-yielding dairy cows in confined TMR systems

Effect of mastitis during the first lactation on production and reproduction performance of Holstein cows

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