Association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and stroke in American adults: a cross-sectional study from the NHANES, 2009–2014

Abstract

This study investigates the potential correlation between urinary caffeine levels and the occurrence of stroke, a serious cerebrovascular disease that can lead to disability or death. The data used in this study was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2009 and 2014. The study analyzed a total of 5,339 individuals, divided into a control group (n = 5,135) and a stroke group (n = 162). The researchers utilized multiple logistic regression and smoothed curve fitting to examine the relationship between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and the incidence of stroke. The study found that higher urinary caffeine levels were associated with a lower risk of stroke in Mexican American participants (odds ratio [OR] = 0.886, 95% confidence interval [CI]: (0.791, 0.993), P = 0.037). After adjusting for certain participant characteristics, it was also found that higher urinary paraxanthine levels were associated with a lower risk of stroke incidence (OR = 0.991, 95% CI (0.984, 0.999), P = 0.027). Meanwhile, the highest urinary paraxanthine levels group had 43.7% fewer strokes than the lowest level group (OR = 0.563, 95% CI (0.341, 0.929), P = 0.025). In this study, we showed a negative link between urine paraxanthine levels and the risk of stroke. Meanwhile, urinary caffeine levels were negatively associated with the incidence of stroke in Mexican Americans, but no correlation in other populations. Our findings may have predictive and diagnostic implications in clinical practice. Further extensive prospective investigations are still needed to validate our conclusions.

Causal relationship between human blood metabolites and risk of ischemic stroke: a Mendelian randomization study

“…Among the metabolites that contribute to increased risk of IS, 5acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil is a caffeine metabolite (Birch Kristensen et al, 2018). However, caffeine has neuroprotective effects and can also regulate stroke risk factors such as blood glucose and lipid levels (Fan et al, 2023). This finding seems contradictory to our study results.…”

“…This involves gradually removing individual single SNP and calculating the Meta effect of the remaining SNPs. We observe whether the results change after removing each SNP to determine if the results are influenced by any specific SNP (Feng et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2023). Horizontal pleiotropy was evaluated based on the Egger intercept, and if p > 0.05, it was considered to have no horizontal pleiotropy (Cai et al, 2022).…”

Association between dietary intake of niacin and stroke in the US residents: evidence from national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 1999–2018

“…Authors found that there was a negative correlation between urinary paraxanthine levels and stroke risk. However, the negative association of urinary caffeine levels with stroke incidence was observed specifically in Mexican Americans, with no evident correlation in other populations, implying potential predictive and diagnostic implications in clinical practice ( 43 ). Another study also based on NHANES database also indicated a U-shaped correlation exists between serum uric acid levels and the risk of stroke.…”

Associations between socioeconomic status and stroke in American adults: A population-based study

“…We used data from the NHANES for a decade from 2009 to 2018. Using a stratified, multistage probability design, the NHANES provides a representative sample of the non-institutionalized US population ( Zare et al, 2021 , Zare et al, 2021 , Fan et al, 2023 ). We selected adults (age ≥ 20 years) from NHANES 2009–2018 for this research ( Fig.…”