Association between smoking, glycaemia, blood lipoproteins and risk of oral leukoplakia

Abstract

Smoking, increased glucose and low-density lipoproteins in the blood are associated with a risk of oral leukoplakia.

Chronic disease comorbidity in patients with oral leukoplakia: A matched case–control study

“…In contrast to other studies (Albrecht et al, 1992; Dietrich et al, 2004; Dikshit et al, 2006; Granero Fernandez & Lopez‐Jornet, 2017; Meisel et al, 2010; Starzyńska et al, 2014; Ujpal et al, 2004), we did not find an association between diabetes and OL. This may be explained by our strict reliance on clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of all OL cases, which is not always made clear in the existing literature (Dietrich et al, 2004; Meisel et al, 2010; Ujpal et al, 2004), and our vigorous matching for age group, gender, smoking and alcohol use.…”

“…Dyslipidaemia was found to represent a statistically significant and independent predictor of OL, supporting the developing body of literature linking alterations in plasma lipid profiles to this oral pathosis (Granero Fernandez & Lopez‐Jornet, 2017; Kaur et al, 2018; Lohe et al, 2010; Mahesh et al, 2014; Mehta et al, 2014; Patel et al, 2004). In contrast to several of these studies where OL subjects were analysed collectively with those diagnosed with other OPMDs (Lohe et al, 2010; Mehta et al, 2014; Patel et al, 2004), we only investigated subjects with OL.…”

“…In contrast to several of these studies where OL subjects were analysed collectively with those diagnosed with other OPMDs (Lohe et al, 2010; Mehta et al, 2014; Patel et al, 2004), we only investigated subjects with OL. Comparatively, we also studied a significantly larger cohort of OL subjects (Granero Fernandez & Lopez‐Jornet, 2017; Kaur et al, 2018; Mahesh et al, 2014). While in this study, specific plasma lipid levels were not ascertained, the finding that a diagnosis of dyslipidaemia was an independent predictor of OL suggests that such individuals should be checked for the simultaneous presentation of OL and vice versa.…”

“…To date, the small number of studies that have investigated comorbidity in subjects with OL has mostly focused on blood glucose levels and diabetes, demonstrating a possible association between the two conditions (Albrecht, Banoczy, Dinya, & Tamas, 1992; Dietrich, Reichart, & Scheifele, 2004; Dikshit et al, 2006; Granero Fernandez & Lopez‐Jornet, 2017; Meisel et al, 2010; Starzyńska et al, 2014; Ujpal et al, 2004). A 2015 meta‐analysis investigating associations between type 2 diabetes, oral cancer and OPMDs noted a positive association between diabetes and OPMDs and showed that compared to their non‐diabetic counterparts, subjects with type 2 diabetes exhibited a 15% increased risk of oral cancer development (Gong, Wei, Yu, & Pan, 2015).…”

“…Although changes in plasma lipid levels have been identified in several cancers, very few studies have focused on subjects with oral cancer and OPMDs (Kumar et al, 2012; Li et al, 2016; Mehta, Gurudath, Dayansoor, Pai, & Ganapathy, 2014; Patel et al, 2004; Vilchez, Martinez‐Ruiz, Sancho‐Rodriguez, Martinez‐Hernandez, & Noguera‐Velasco, 2014). Nonetheless, significant changes in plasma total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, very low‐density lipoprotein and triglycerides have been reported in subjects with OPMDs; however, this is not a universal finding (Granero Fernandez & Lopez‐Jornet, 2017; Kaur, Vaseemuddin, Punia, & Bains, 2018; Kumar et al, 2012; Lohe, Degwekar, Bhowate, Kadu, & Dangore, 2010; Mahesh et al, 2014; Mehta et al, 2014; Patel et al, 2004).…”