Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population

Choi, Dong Woo; Jeon, Jongwoo; Lee, Sang Ah; Han, Kyu Tae; Park, Sohee; Jang, Sung In

doi:10.3390/ijerph15102260

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Accordingly, we classified the subjects into four categories: nonsmoker, ex-smoker, current smoker (conventional only), and current smoker (conventional and electronic). This classification was in accordance with that of previous studies investigating cigarette type with the same survey instrument 20 .…”

Section: And the Organization For Economic Cooperation And Developmensupporting

confidence: 92%

Cigarette type or smoking history: Which has a greater impact on the metabolic syndrome and its components?

Jang

Lee

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Few studies have researched the gender-specific effects of electronic nicotine delivery systems on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and/or its risk factors (central obesity, raised triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, raised fasting plasma glucose). Thus, this study investigated the association between smoking behavior (cigarette type, smoking history) and MetS in a nationally representative sample of Korean men and women. Our study employed data for 5,462 cases of MetS and 12,194 controls from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) for the years 2014 to 2017. Logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the association between type of cigarette (non-smoker, ex-smoker, and current smoker-conventional only, current smoker-conventional and electronic) and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors. Smoking history was clinically quantified by pack-year. No association between cigarette type and MetS was found for men. For women, relative to non-smokers, smokers of conventional cigarettes (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.02-3.18) and both conventional and electronic cigarettes (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.48-10.93) had increased odds of MetS. While there was no association between smoking history and MetS for women, for men, conventional smoking history was associated with MetS for individuals with a smoking history of > 25 pack-years (> 25 to ≤ 37.5 OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.02; > 37.5 to ≤ 50 OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.08-2.18; > 50 OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.07-2.27). Sex differences were found in the association between smoking behavior and MetS. Such findings reveal sociodemographic differences that should be considered for interventions regarding conventional and/or e-cigarette users at risk of metabolic complications. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its risk factors (central obesity, raised triglycerides, decreased HDL cholesterol, raised blood pressure, raised fasting plasma glucose) have been vital in helping identify individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although a catalyst for heart disease, lipid problems, hypertension, dementia, cancer, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 1 , the mechanisms underlying the development of MetS remain obscure. What is certain is that a growing body of literature asserts that various lifestyle factors including smoking, alcohol consumption 2 , diet, and physical activity 3 contribute to its onset. Electronic nicotine delivery systems, also known as e-cigarettes, are battery-powered products that deliver nicotine in the form of an aerosol 4. Currently, the ever use of e-cigarettes is 8.5% in the United States and 6.6% in South Korea 5. Often advertised as a "healthier" alternatives to conventional cigarettes or smoking cessation aids, e-cigarettes purportedly do not involve tobacco combustion and therefore, have reduced toxicant exposure compared to traditional cigarettes 6. However, research on long-term toxicity has been limited and studies attempting to show the effica...

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Section: And the Organization For Economic Cooperation And Developmensupporting

confidence: 92%

Cigarette type or smoking history: Which has a greater impact on the metabolic syndrome and its components?

Jang

Lee

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…It cannot be excluded that the high proportion of women with elevated prepregnancy BMI may have blurred the contrast between low or normal BMI compared to high BMI. Similarly, the high proportion of women smoking during pregnancy in this study may also have blurred a possible association, since smoking may increase HbA1c at the same time as it reduces birthweight [29,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

No association between early maternal HbA1c and offspring birthweight among women without pre-existing diabetes in Greenland

Rasmussen

Nielsen

Pedersen

2019

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Studies of the association between maternal blood glucose measured by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) during pregnancy and the offspring’s birthweight have been heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to examine the association between maternal HbA1c level before gestational week 20 and the offspring’s birthweight among predominantly indigenous women in Greenland. A retrospective cohort study including all women (n = 503) and their offspring delivered from September 2015 to September 2016 at Queen Ingrid’s Hospital in Nuuk was conducted. Data were obtained from the electronic medical record. Linear regression models were used to analyse the effect of maternal HbA1c on the offspring’s birthweight with adjustment and stratification for relevant confounders and effect modifiers. Birthweight increased with 3.3 g per mmol/mol increase in HbA1c. Yet, no significant association between maternal HbA1c and the offspring’s birthweight was found after adjustment for maternal age, ethnicity, residence, smoking, and parity (β = 0.058, p = 0.711). Among obese women, a borderline significant positive association (β = 0.657, p = 0.059) was found. For term newborns, this corresponded to an increase in birthweight of 31 g per mmol/mol increase in HbA1c. Based on the current study, the use of HbA1c during pregnancy to detect the risk of delivering a newborn with macrosomia is not recommended in Greenland.Abbreviation: HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin; GA: gestational age; SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval.

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“…Based on this, we categorized our subjects into four categories: dual smokers (both conventional and e-cigarettes), single smokers (only conventional cigarettes), ex-smokers (previous smokers), and non-smokers. This classification is the same as that in previous studies that examined smoking behavior using the same survey tool [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Investigation of the Association between Smoking Behavior and Metabolic Syndrome Using Lipid Accumulation Product Index among South Korean Adults

Jeong

Jang

Kim

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Electronic cigarette vaping has recently been chosen as a smoking alternative for those who want to quit smoking, but some of the electronic cigarette users use both traditional and electronic cigarettes (dual smoking) without stopping smoking. This study investigated the association between smoking behavior and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Data from 14,607 participants (6142 males and 8465 females) were examined. They were divided into four categories: dual smoking (both conventional and e-cigarettes), single smoking (only conventional cigarettes), previously smoking, and non-smoking. Metabolic syndrome risk was calculated as a continuous variable using the lipid accumulation product (LAP) index. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the association of log-transformed LAP with smoking behavior. Among the total participants, 187 males and 35 females were dual smokers and 1850 males and 372 females were single smokers. LAP was significantly higher in men who practiced dual and single smoking than LAP of non-smokers—dual: β = 0.27, standard error (SE) = 0.06, p < 0.0001; single: β = 0.18, SE = 0.03, p < 0.0001. In female, LAP was significantly higher among those who practiced only single smoking than LAP of non-smokers (β = 0.21, SE = 0.04, p < 0.0001). Dual and single smoking were significantly associated with higher LAP, a strong predictor of metabolic syndrome. Further studies and awareness regarding the adverse effects of dual smoking are required.

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Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Cigarette type or smoking history: Which has a greater impact on the metabolic syndrome and its components?

Cigarette type or smoking history: Which has a greater impact on the metabolic syndrome and its components?

No association between early maternal HbA1c and offspring birthweight among women without pre-existing diabetes in Greenland

Investigation of the Association between Smoking Behavior and Metabolic Syndrome Using Lipid Accumulation Product Index among South Korean Adults

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