Association between Secondhand Smoke in Hospitality Venues and Urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol Concentrations in Non-Smoking Staff

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between urinary cotinine and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentrations in non-smoking staff and the indoor levels of fine particles (PM2.5) in hospitality venues that allow smoking, with respect to demographic and indoor environmental factors. We evaluated 62 hospitality venues that allowed smoking in Seoul, Korea. A real-time aerosol monitor was used to measure indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Field technicians recorded indoor environmental characteristics. One non-smoking staff member in each hospitality venue was tested for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations. Demographic characteristics were obtained from self-reported staff questionnaires. Natural-log (ln)-transformed PM2.5 concentrations were significantly correlated with the ln-transformed cotinine (r = 0.31) and the total NNAL concentrations (r = 0.32). In multivariable regression analysis, the urinary cotinine concentrations of the staff members were significantly correlated with indoor PM2.5 concentrations; those with the highest concentrations were more likely to be women or staff members that worked in venues with a volume <375 m3. Total NNAL concentrations were significantly correlated only with indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Indoor PM2.5 may be used as an indicator for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations in non-smoking staff members in hospitality venues that allow smoking.

A review: Total vaporization solid-phase microextraction procedure in different matrixes

“…SPME and its derivative techniques are a wellrecognized method of extraction which utilize zero solvents and has a wide scope and applications, including biomedical, food, forensic, and environment [35,41]. Moreover, they can be applied in organic contaminants extraction like; pesticides, Pharmaceutical compounds, emerging pollutants, and persistent organic pollutants [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Total vaporization (TV) is a technique that can be practically utilized in conjunction fused with headspace sampling.…”

“…TV-SPME can be used in detection of both cotinine and nicotine in hair as biomarkers of tobacco users whereas the cotinine detection was not possible in the past by using conventional SPME [89]. Only few research papers have published in using headspace SPME in the detection of nicotine in human hair by using.…”

“…When these organic compounds are exposed in higher concentrations, they cause a harmful effects on central nervous systems, respiratory and skin [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. Leakage of oil pipelines may be resulted by accidental fuel spills, and the disposal contamination of oil companies effluents and petrochemical, such pollutants have been released into groundwater and other water sources [97].…”

Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Indoor Air Quality and Health

“…In Average concentration of (a) PM 2.5 and (b) ultrafine particles (UFPs) in secondhand electronic cigarette (e-cig) aerosols reported for various indoor environments (i.e., laboratory settings and real-world public indoor spaces), by region. Data are from 11 studies on e-cigs and 16 studies on tobacco cigarettes (t-cigs) that reported mean PM 2.5 and UFP in a laboratory or public indoor environment (1,13,24,40,56,70,71,74,77,82,83,89,96,97,113,117,118,120,121,125,138,146,149). Abbreviation: ND, not detected.…”

Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

“…In another example, the application of the smoking ban reduced urinary cotinine and NNAL from mean values of 35.9 ng/mL and 18.2 pg/mL, respectively, to values below the detection limit (<5 ng/mL) for cotinine and 7.3 pg/mL for NNAL, two months after implementing the law [44]. Urinary cotinine and NNAL concentrations also correlate with airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) [37,122,123].…”