Association Between Protein Intake and Blood Pressure

Elliott, Paul; Stamler, Jeremiah; Dyer, Alan R.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Dennis, Barbara; Kesteloot, Hugo; Ueshima, Hirotsugu; Okayama, Akira; Chan, Queenie; Garside, Daniel B.; Zhou, Beifan

doi:10.1001/archinte.166.1.79

Cited by 254 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In particular, prior work in the INTERMAP cohort has demonstrated an inverse relationship to blood pressure of several macro-/micronutrients, including calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, total and non heme iron, vegetable protein, and omega-3 fatty acids. [26][27][28][29][30][31] Of these nutrients, in the present study only vegetable protein was noted to be higher in the metabolically healthy obese; the finding prevailed only in women and the p-value was not statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Diet Composition and Activity Level of at Risk and Metabolically Healthy Obese American Adults

Hankinson¹,

Daviglus²,

Horn³

et al. 2012

Obesity

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Obesity often clusters with other major cardiovascular disease risk factors, yet a subset of the obese appears to be protected from these risks. Two obesity phenotypes are described, 1) "metabolically healthy" obese, broadly defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m 2 and favorable levels of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose; and 2) "at risk" obese, BMI ≥ 30 with unfavorable levels of these risk factors. More than 30% of obese American adults are metabolically healthy. Diet and activity determinants of obesity phenotypes are unclear. We hypothesized that metabolically healthy obese have more favorable behavioral factors, including less adverse diet composition and higher activity levels than at risk obese in the multi-ethnic group of 775 obese American adults ages 40-59 years from the International Population Study on Macro/Micronutrients and Blood Pressure (INTERMAP) cohort. In gender stratified analyses, mean values for diet composition and activity behavior variables, adjusted for age, race, and education, were compared between metabolically healthy and at risk obese. Nearly 1 in 5 (149/775, or 19%) of obese American INTERMAP participants were classified as metabolically healthy obese. Diet composition and most activity behaviors were similar between obesity phenotypes, although metabolically healthy obese women reported higher sleep duration than at risk obese women. These results do not support hypotheses that diet composition and/or physical activity account for the absence of cardiometabolic abnormalities in metabolically healthy obese.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Diet Composition and Activity Level of at Risk and Metabolically Healthy Obese American Adults

Hankinson¹,

Daviglus²,

Horn³

et al. 2012

Obesity

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View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This anomaly has been explained on the basis of an adaptive metabolic demand model for the protein requirement with incomplete adaptation to the different protein intakes used in the multilevel N balance studies from which the protein requirement was derived. For this protein requirements model intakes and requirements are highly correlated at intakes down to quite low levels, which could approach the (56) ) and the requirement patterns for adults (K) and children (1-2 years old; ; data from World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization/United Nations University (60) ).…”

Section: Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plenary Lecture 3 Food and the planet: nutritional dilemmas of greenhouse gas emission reductions through reduced intakes of meat and dairy foods

2009

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Legally-binding legislation is now in place to ensure major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the UK. Reductions in intakes of meat and dairy products, which account for approximately 40% of food-related emissions, are an inevitable policy option. The present paper assesses, as far as is possible, the risk to nutritional status of such a policy in the context of the part played by these foods in overall health and well-being and their contribution to nutritional status for the major nutrients that they supply. Although meat may contribute to saturated fat intakes and a higher BMI, moderate meat consumption within generally-healthy population groups has no measurable influence on morbidity or mortality. However, high consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with increased risk of colo-rectal cancer and recent advice is to reduce intakes to a maximum of 70 g/d. Such reductions in meat and haem-Fe intake are unlikely to influence Fe status in functional terms. However, overall protein intakes would probably fall, with the potential for intakes to be less than current requirements for the elderly. Whether it is detrimental to health is uncertain and controversial. Zn intakes are also likely to fall, raising questions about child growth that are currently unanswerable. Milk and dairy products, currently specifically recommended for young children and pregnant women, provide 30–40% of dietary Ca, iodine, vitamin B12and riboflavin. Population groups with low milk intakes generally show low intakes and poor status for each of these nutrients. Taken together it would appear that the reductions in meat and dairy foods, which are necessary to limit environmental damage, do pose serious nutritional challenges for some key nutrients. These challenges can be met, however, by improved public health advice on alternative dietary sources and by increasing food fortification.

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“…Our data on the time-related changes of medical expenditures during the follow-up period support these possible explanations, as there was a 232% increment in future expenditures of individuals with both risk factors compared with individuals with neither risk factor. The mean level of blood pressure is higher in Japan than in Western countries, 17,35,[37][38][39][40][41] despite a substantial decline in blood pressure during the past four decades. 42 In addition, the prevalence of smoking among Japanese men remains much higher compared with men in the West, [8][9][10]17,35,37,41,43 although there has been a trend for a decline in smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical expenditures of men with hypertension and/or a smoking habit: a 10-year follow-up study of National Health Insurance in Shiga, Japan

et al. 2010

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Hypertension and smoking are major causes of disability and death, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where there is a high prevalence of a combination of these two risk factors. We attempted to measure the medical expenditures of a Japanese male population with hypertension and/or a smoking habit over a 10-year period of follow-up. A cohort study was conducted that investigated the medical expenditures due to a smoking habit and/or hypertension during the decade of the 1990s using existing data on physical status and medical expenditures. The participants included 1708 community-dwelling Japanese men, aged 40-69 years, who were classified into the following four categories: 'neither smoking habit nor hypertension', 'smoking habit alone', 'hypertension alone' or 'both smoking habit and hypertension.' Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of X140 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure of X90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications. In the study cohort, 24.9% had both a smoking habit and hypertension. During the 10-year follow-up period, participants with a smoking habit alone (18 444 Japanese yen per month), those with hypertension alone (21 252 yen per month) and those with both a smoking habit and hypertension (31 037 yen per month) had increased personal medical expenditures compared with those without a smoking habit and hypertension (17 418 yen per month). Similar differences were observed even after adjustment for other confounding factors (Po0.01). Japanese men with both a smoking habit and hypertension incurred higher medical expenditures compared with those without a smoking habit, hypertension or their combination.

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Association Between Protein Intake and Blood Pressure

Abstract: Vegetable protein intake was inversely related to blood pressure. This finding is consistent with recommendations that a diet high in vegetable products be part of healthy lifestyle for prevention of high blood pressure and related diseases.

Cited by 254 publications

References 44 publications

Diet Composition and Activity Level of at Risk and Metabolically Healthy Obese American Adults

Diet Composition and Activity Level of at Risk and Metabolically Healthy Obese American Adults

Plenary Lecture 3 Food and the planet: nutritional dilemmas of greenhouse gas emission reductions through reduced intakes of meat and dairy foods

Medical expenditures of men with hypertension and/or a smoking habit: a 10-year follow-up study of National Health Insurance in Shiga, Japan

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