Association between Periodontal Disease and Comorbidities in Saudi’s Eastern Province

Abstract

The incidence of periodontal diseases is associated with multiple comorbidities that influence a patient’s treatment planning. This study evaluates the relation between periodontal disease and multiple comorbidities reported in the Saudi population from the Eastern province. This study was conducted on 190 patients, who visited the periodontology clinics at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, smoking habits, past medical and dental histories, blood pressure, random blood glucose, and recent haemoglobin A1c were recorded. A comprehensive periodontal examination included the number of missing teeth, pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and mobility of all teeth except third molars. Radiographic bone loss was measured on standardized full-mouth periapical radiographs. Multivariable regression models were calculated aiming to see the association between different comorbidities and alveolar bone loss with confounders controlled. Out of 190 periodontitis patients, 56 (29.5%) were males and 134 (70.5%) were females. More than half of the patients (60%) were between 26 and 50 years, 30% of them had diabetes, and 18% were smokers. The risk of alveolar bone loss was higher in persons who had diabetes and those who had both diabetes and coronary heart disease than those who did not, although the association was not statistically significant ( B = 1.26 , 95 % CI = − 0.30 , 2.82, and B = 2.86 , 95 % CI = − 1.25 , 6.96, respectively). The risk of alveolar bone loss was significantly higher among persons with diabetes and hypertension ( B = 2.82 and 95 % CI = 0.89 , 4.75). Collectively, the risk of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis patients increases with diabetes in the presence of other comorbidities regardless of smoking or gender.

Self-Reported Systemic Diseases and Periodontal Status: A Cross-Sectional Study from Turkey

“…Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of missing teeth and the presence of systemic disease (p = 0.001). In line with the present results, Madi, et al [24] also reported that the risk of both alveolar bone and tooth loss was statistically higher in periodontitis patients with systemic diseases including HT and diabetes. On the other hand, Sperr, et al [25] reported that periodontitis severity was not significantly associated with systemic diseases.…”

Patients with periodontitis are at a higher risk of stroke: A Taiwanese cohort study

“…5,6,10,[18][19][20] In line with the current research, periodontitis is found extensively in the middle-aged, namely in the 40 to 59 age group, after which the incidence decreases. 1 The results of the present study show that rate of periodontitis decreases at the age of 60 years and over. 10,20,21 This phenomenon indicates that the age group experienced a higher rate of tooth loss due to periodontitis.…”

“…6 Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease identical to immune dysfunction that was previously induced by bacterial infection, mainly anaerobic gram-negative bacteria, which causes progressive damage to the soft and hard tissues supporting the teeth. 1,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Periodontal bacterial infection increases systemic inflammatory markers, which also initiates various systemic diseases, including stroke. 8,14,15 Stroke is considered the most common cause of death due to periodontal disease and is currently a massive epidemic in numerous developed and developing countries.…”

“…Periodontitis is a disease that is currently receiving urgent attention in public health because its prevalence reaches 50% worldwide and it can affect almost all age groups, including adolescents, adults, and the elderly. [1][2][3] The prevalence of periodontal disease is predicted to be increasing annually because of the aging population growth, with periodontitis being more likely to occur in the elderly group. 3 The high prevalence of periodontitis will increase the global burden, which has increased more than 50% from 11 years ago.…”

Association of Tooth Scaling with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Analysis of the Corresponding Medical Expenditure: A Nationwide Population-Based Study

“…Periodontal disease is a serious issue in Taiwan; the prevalence of periodontitis has significantly increased in Taiwan over the past years [ 5 ]. There are multiple comorbidities, such as pulmonary, endocrinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, hematological, and skeletal disorders, associated with periodontal disease [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. For example, the increased risk of periodontitis in patients with diabetes is estimated to be 2–3 fold; that is, it increases the risk for periodontitis 2–3 times [ 9 ].…”