Association between oral health status and retrovirus test results in cats

Abstract

Inflammatory oral disease was associated with an increased risk of seropositivity for retroviruses in naturally infected cats. Therefore, retroviral status of cats with oral inflammatory disease should be determined and appropriate management initiated.

Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis

“…The FIV model is particularly well suited for studies of HIV-associated oral disease, as it not only parallels HIV in its structural, biochemical, and immunological properties, but it is also the only naturally occurring lentivirus to predictably induce oral lesions in its natural host, the domestic cat [1,4,9,10,31,32]. Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV do not reliably cause oral disease and are limited by zoonotic risk to researchers, high cost associated with animal care and housing, the low number of animals available for research, while humanized mouse models of HIV lack both the prevalence of oral lesions and the presence of tonsillar structures similar to humans [142,[215][216][217].…”

“…Non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV do not reliably cause oral disease and are limited by zoonotic risk to researchers, high cost associated with animal care and housing, the low number of animals available for research, while humanized mouse models of HIV lack both the prevalence of oral lesions and the presence of tonsillar structures similar to humans [142,[215][216][217]. In contrast, FIV oral manifestations are common in naturally and experimentally-infected cats [20,31,32], and the range of lesions seen include gingivitis, periodontitis, and feline chronic gingivostomatitis [32], with striking similarities to LGE, NUG, and NUP lesions noted in untreated HIV patients [1,4,107,204,[218][219][220][221]. Furthermore, opportunistic infections detected in HIV-positive individuals are paralleled in feline oral disease syndromes [35,[222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231], and feline tonsillar tissues (palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsils) are analogous to those in humans [216].…”

“…The most frequent clinical disease syndromes associated with FIV infection manifest as a consequence of immune dysfunction, such as oral opportunistic infection (gingivitis, stomatitis, and periodontitis), immune-mediated glomerulonephritis, chronic rhinitis, and dermatitis [15,16,19,20,29,30]. Oral opportunistic infections are prevalent in a high proportion of FIV-infected cats, and frequently present as erythematous, inflammatory lesions along the gingival margin (gingivitis), multifocal areas of necrotizing inflammation within the gingival sulcus or periodontal ligament (periodontitis), or ulcerative inflammatory lesions along the buccal mucosa, hard palate, or soft palate (stomatitis) [20,[31][32][33]. Changes in the salivary/oral microbiota have been increasingly associated with FIV infection, and shifts in the proportion of opportunistic pathogens in saliva of FIVinfected cats have been associated with the development of oral inflammatory lesions [31,34].…”

<b>Estudo retrospectivo das afecções orais em 754 felinos domésticos (<i>Felis catus</i>) atendidos no Laboratório de Odontologia Comparada da Universidade de São Paulo</b>

“…Mariana Suemi Fugita 38 estresse ambiental, dieta, ao acúmulo da placa bacteriana (gram-negativos) a uma resposta imunológica exagerada ou inadequada GIOSO, 2007;LITTLE, 2011;DANIEL, 2015 18 machos e 40 fêmeas, com e sem definição racial, pôde-se concluir que a ocorrência da infecção pelo calicivírus felino (FCV) estava diretamente associada à GECF em felinos e que a ocorrência do FCV foi significativa em animais que apresentaram graus mais graves de gengivite. Contudo, não foi possível saber se a co-infecção pelo FIV e FCV foi responsável pelo agravamento da gengivite e da condição imunológica dos gatos ou se a disfunção do sistema imune causada pelo FIV predispôs a infecção pelo FCV, levando a piora das lesões orais (GERALDO JUNIOR, 2010).…”

“…Além disso, o acesso à rua também poderia ser correlacionado ao aumento de prevalência de certos tipos de lesões orais como, por exemplo, as fraturas do Apesar de muitos autores terem relacionado a presença de placa bacteriana como um dos fatores predisponentes à gengivoestomatite crônica felina GIOSO, 2007;LITTLE, 2011;DANIEL, 2015), neste estudo não houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre a presença de doença periodontal e GECF (Tabela 31).…”