Association between oral contraceptive use and markers of iron deficiency in a cross‐sectional study of Tanzanian women

Haile, Zelalem T.; Teweldeberhan, Asli K.; Chertok, Ilana R. Azulay

doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.06.040

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Another study conducted amongst women aged 15─49 years in Tanzania also found that oral contraceptive use was inversely associated with markers of iron status. 24 The current study did not find a significant association between contraceptive use and haemoglobin levels.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Obesity is associated with anaemia and iron deficiency indicators among women in the rural Free State, South Africa

Jordaan

Berg

Rooyen

et al. 2018

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Obesity and anaemia remain global public health problems, holding major consequences for human health. The objective was to determine body composition, prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency, contraception use and associations between variables in rural women in the Free State, South Africa. Design: A cross-sectional study design was applied. Setting: The study was undertaken in rural Trompsburg, Philippolis and Springfontein. Subjects: A total of 134 HIV-uninfected non-pregnant females, aged between 25 and 49 years participated. Exposure and outcome measures: Data were collected on anthropometry, contraception use and biochemical markers of anaemia, iron deficiency and inflammation. Results: Median body mass index (BMI) (28.7 [24.2, 34.7] kg/m 2), waist circumference (90.8 [80.9, 103.0] cm) and body fat percentage (38.8 [34.3, 42.1] %) were classified as unhealthy. Only 2/134 had iron deficiency and 1/134 iron deficiency anaemia. Overall, 3.8% had low red cell folate levels. Almost half (45.0%) had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. More than half (54.1%) reported that they regularly menstruate and 71.6% currently or had previously used injectable contraceptives. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and transferrin saturation were significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage. Conclusion: A predominant pattern of malnutrition, characterised by overweight and obesity, was prevalent. Risk for iron deficiency was associated with obesity. Prevalence of iron deficiency could be underestimated due to the large percentage with elevated CRP levels. Interventions should aim to improve the nutritional status of these women in order to reduce their risk for both chronic diseases and anaemia.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Obesity is associated with anaemia and iron deficiency indicators among women in the rural Free State, South Africa

Jordaan

Berg

Rooyen

et al. 2018

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…Consistent with these findings, a significant negative association was found between anemia and hormonal contraceptive use [17, 29], suggesting the potential protective effect of hormonal contraceptives against anemia. Reduction in menstrual bleeding associated with the use of hormonal contraceptives could be the plausible underlying mechanism [50]. Evidence of non-contraceptive benefits of hormonal and IUD contraceptive methods against menstrual blood flow and other women’s problems such as endometriosis, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, ectopic pregnancy, and pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder has been documented in the literature [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining factors for the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age in Nepal: Evidence from recent national survey data

et al. 2019

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Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is not sufficient to meet the physiological need of the body. Women of reproductive age and pregnant women are at a high risk of anemia, which in turn may contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality. We aimed to describe the prevalence of anemia and the factors associated with the risk of developing anemia in women of reproductive age in Nepal. Additionally, we examined the association of women’s decision-making autonomy regarding healthcare and experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) with anemia. Data from the 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) were used in this study. The data were adjusted for sampling weight, stratification, and cluster sampling design. A battery-operated portable HemoCue was used to measure hemoglobin and detect anemia. Using complex sample logistic regression, the association between dependent and independent variables were examined; crude and adjusted odds ratio were reported. The mean (± SD) hemoglobin concentration was 12.13 g/dL (± 1.48). Overall, about 41% (95% CI 38.6–43.0%) of women aged 15–49 years were anemic. Women in households with wells as the source of drinking water (aOR 1.93; 95% CI 1.58–2.37) were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing anemia. While women who were currently using hormonal contraceptives (aOR 0.63, 95% CI 0.52–0.76) were significantly less likely to be anemic. After adjusting for background characteristics among women who were married at the time of the survey, decision-making autonomy regarding healthcare, and experience of IPV did not have a significant association with anemia. The high prevalence of anemia suggests the need for substantial improvement in the nutritional status of women. The increased disease burden compared with the past survey highlights the needs to reconsider the existing nutritional policy in Nepal.

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“…This finding was supported by a study conducted in Rwanda [ 22 ]. This could be justified by the protective effects of modern contraceptives on menstrual bleeding, pregnancy and birth-related hemorrhages [ 23 ]. Concurrent iron supplementation is also available particularly for those women who have used oral contraceptives, which is very important for the prevention of anemia [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and determinants of anemia among young (15–24 years) women in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

2020

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Background Anemia is a major global public health problem that had tremendous impacts on human health, social and economic development. African countries contribute to the highest-burden of anemia among women, particularly in adolescent females and young women. Anemia among young women remains a public health problem in most parts of Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and determinants of anemia among young women in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data. A total weighted sample of 5796 young women (15–24 years) was included in this study. We employed a multilevel analysis to assess factors associated with anemia since the EDHS has hierarchical nature. Deviance, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Median Odds Ratio (MOR) were used for model comparison as well as for assessing model fitness. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.20 at bivariable multilevel analysis were considered for the multivariable multilevel analysis. In the multivariable multilevel analysis variables with p-value ≤ 0.05 were declared to be a significant factor associated with anemia, and the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were reported to assess the strength and direction of the association. Results The overall prevalence of anemia among young women was 21.7% (95%CI = 20.7%, 22.8%). In the multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis; being Muslim religion follower [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.07, 1.70] and being protestant religion follower [AOR = 1.31; 95%CI = 1.01, 1.71], being rural dweller [AOR = 1.34; 95%CI = 1.02, 1.78], and being married [AOR = 1.46; 95%CI = 1.22, 1.74] were significantly associated with higher odds of anemia among young women. While, modern contraceptive use (AOR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.53, 0.83) were significantly associated with lower odds of anemia among young women. Conclusion In this study, the prevalence of anemia among young women was high. Being a follower of Muslim and protestant religions, being married women, modern contraceptive use and being from the rural area were found to be significant determinants of anemia among young women. Therefore, giving special attention to these high-risk groups and distributing modern contraceptives for those in need of it could decrease this devastating public health problem in young women.

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Association between oral contraceptive use and markers of iron deficiency in a cross‐sectional study of Tanzanian women

Abstract: The significant association between OC use and iron status has important implications for educating healthcare providers and women about additional nutritional benefits of the use of OCs.

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

Obesity is associated with anaemia and iron deficiency indicators among women in the rural Free State, South Africa

Obesity is associated with anaemia and iron deficiency indicators among women in the rural Free State, South Africa

Determining factors for the prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age in Nepal: Evidence from recent national survey data

Prevalence and determinants of anemia among young (15–24 years) women in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis of the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

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