Association between Obesity and Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-sectional Study

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Assessment of risk profiles for periodontitis in adults in the United States based on gold standard periodontal measures show important differences by severity of disease and sex. Cigarette smoking, specifically current smoking, remains an important modifiable risk for all levels of periodontitis severity. Higher likelihood of TP in older adults and in males with uncontrolled DM is noteworthy. These findings could improve identification of target populations for effective public health interventions to improve periodontal health of adults in the United States.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Indicators for Periodontitis in US Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2012

Eke

Liang

Thornton-Evans

et al. 2016

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171

“…In 2014, over 1.9 billion adults were overweight and over 600 million were obese . Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, has been associated with insulin resistance (IR), a precursor of type 2 diabetes, and with periodontitis …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance predicts the risk of gingival/periodontal inflammation

Andriankaja

Muñoz‐Torres

Vivaldi-Oliver

et al. 2018

Objectives Evaluate whether insulin resistance (IR) predicts the risk of oral inflammation, assessed as the number of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) and number of teeth with probing pocket depths (PPD) ≥ 4 mm and BOP. Methods Data on 870 overweight/obese diabetes free adults, aged 40-65 years from the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study over a three-year period, was analyzed. Baseline IR, assessed using the Homeostasis Model Assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) index, was divided into tertiles. BOP was assessed at buccal and lingual sites, and PPD at six sites per tooth. Negative binomial regression was used to estimate the risk ratios (RRs) for oral inflammation adjusted for baseline age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake, education, physical activity, waist circumference, mean plaque index, and baseline number of sites with BOP, or number of teeth with PPD≥4 mm and BOP. The potential impact of tertiles of serum TNF-α and adiponectin on the IR-oral inflammation association was also assessed in a subsample of 597 participants. Results Participants in the highest HOMA-IR tertile at baseline, had significantly higher numbers of sites with BOP [RR=1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.36] and number of teeth with PPD≥4 mm and BOP (RR=1.39, 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.78) at follow-up, compared with individuals in the lower two HOMA-IR tertiles. Neither TNF-α nor adiponectin confounded the associations. Conclusion IR significantly predicts gingival/periodontal inflammation in this population.

“…The high consumption of soft drinks is associated with increased triglycerides, reduced HDL levels and increased C‐reactive protein, which are metabolic and inflammatory disorders present in periodontal disease …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Periodontal diseases have also been associated with reduced HDL, high triglycerides, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft drink consumption and periodontal status in pregnant women

Menezes

Ribeiro

Alves

et al. 2018

Background Periodontal disease is associated with metabolic syndrome, and during pregnancy, it is linked to preeclampsia and preterm birth. We hypothesized that soft drink consumption, which has also been associated with metabolic disorders, may also be linked to periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between soft drink consumption and periodontal status in pregnancy. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study nested in BRISA (Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís Birth Cohort Studies). Pregnant women (n = 1,185) completed a questionnaire and underwent periodontal examination from the 22nd to 25th week of pregnancy. The explanatory variable was the frequency of soft drink consumption (times per week). The outcome was periodontal status measured as the number of teeth with probing depth ≥4 mm with bleeding on probing (PD/BOP) or with clinical attachment level ≥4 mm (CAL). Means ratio (MR) was estimated using zero‐inflated Poisson, adjusted for maternal age and income. Results The higher tertile of consumption of soft drinks during pregnancy was associated with PD/BOP (MR = 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 to 1.75); while the highest tertile of diastolic blood pressure was also associated to CAL (MR = 1.21; 95% CI 1:07 to 1.35). Conclusion High soft drink consumption was associated with the number of teeth with PD/BOP in pregnant women, suggesting that beverage consumption is a factor that contributes to the systemic inflammatory burden, which is common to periodontal disease, metabolic syndrome, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.