“…A large multi-country survey among 21,027 women in 12 European countries reported gaps in consent request, with a large heterogeneity in practices: 34.7% of women did not feel involved in choices related to the medical interventions received (21.7% in Luxemburg to 77.2% in Serbia) and, among those who underwent labour, 53.6% did not provide consent for an instrumental vaginal birth (35.9% in Sweden to 81.8% in Croatia) [ 15 ]. These data align with those from low- and middle-income countries [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. For example, during 253 continuous observations of labour/childbirth in four African countries, 75.1% of women did not consent to episiotomy, despite receiving it [ 21 ].…”