Association Between Neighborhood Violence and Biological Stress in Children

Theall, Katherine P.; Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A.; Dismukes, Andrew R.; Wallace, Maeve; Drury, Stacy S.

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2321

Cited by 114 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Specifically, unemployment might more strongly affect individuals who spent their childhood in adverse neighborhoods. Childhood neighborhood disadvantage, for example, may increase stress reactivity (Hackman et al 2012), as shown in the association between varying neighborhood exposure during childhood and allostatic load and telomere length (Brody et al 2014; Theall et al 2017). Such compromised stress reactivity and cumulative “wear and tear” on physiological regulatory systems may influence how people perceive and cope with a stressor (Del Giudice et al 2011; Ellis and Boyce 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young Adult Unemployment and Later Depression and Anxiety: Does Childhood Neighborhood Matter?

Lee

Jones

Yoon

et al. 2018

J Youth Adolescence

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Young adulthood represents a developmental period with disproportionately heightened risk of losing a job. Young adult unemployment has been linked to increased mental health problems, at least in the short term. However, their possible long-term impacts, often referred as “scarring effects,” have been understudied, possibly underestimating the magnitude of mental health burden that young adult unemployment generates. This longitudinal study examined whether duration of unemployment during young adulthood is associated with later mental health disorders, after accounting for mental and behavioral health problems in childhood. Furthermore, the current study investigated whether childhood neighborhood characteristics affect this association and if so, in what specific functional ways. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of developmental outcomes in a community sample in Seattle. Data collection began in 1985 when study participants were elementary students and involved yearly assessments in childhood and adolescence (ages 10–16) and then biennial or triennial assessments (ages 18–39; N = 677 at age 39; 47% European American, 26% African American, 22% Asian American, and 5% Native American; 49% female). The current study findings suggest that duration of unemployment across young adulthood increased mental health problems at age 39, regardless of gender. Childhood neighborhood characteristics, particularly their positive aspect, exerted independent impacts on adult mental health problems beyond unemployment experiences across young adulthood. The current findings indicate a needed shift in service profiles for unemployed young adults—a comprehensive approach that not only facilitates reemployment but also addresses mental health needs to help them to cope with job loss. Further, the present study findings suggest that childhood neighborhoods, particularly positive features such as positive neighborhood involvement, may represent concrete and malleable prevention targets that can curb mental health problems early in life.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Young Adult Unemployment and Later Depression and Anxiety: Does Childhood Neighborhood Matter?

Lee

Jones

Yoon

et al. 2018

J Youth Adolescence

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“…Availability of healthy food outlets and residential walkability have been associated with glycemic control and overweight . In addition, a recent study reported that neighborhood violence is associated with increased levels of physiological and cellular stress markers, such as cortisol, in childhood …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(20,21) In addition, a recent study reported that neighborhood violence is associated with increased levels of physiological and cellular stress markers, such as cortisol, in childhood. (22) Major strengths of this study include the prospective study design; the long-term follow-up of the participants, who were well characterized in both childhood and adulthood; and the objective highdensity measurement of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood. Our analysis fulfilled the assumptions in counterfactual mediation analyses and support causal inference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Risk of Fatty Liver in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

et al. 2019

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Fatty liver is a preventable cause of liver failure, but early risk factors for adulthood fatty liver are poorly understood. We examined the association of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage with adulthood fatty liver and tested adulthood risk factors of fatty liver as possible mediators of this link. The study population comprised 2,042 participants aged 3‐18 years at baseline (1980) from the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Follow‐up with repeated clinical examinations was 31 years. Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was assessed using data from parents’ socioeconomic position and socioeconomic circumstances in participants’ residential neighborhoods, categorized as high versus low socioeconomic disadvantage. Fatty liver was determined by ultrasound during the last follow‐up (2011) at ages 34‐49 years. Childhood and adulthood risk factors, including metabolic biomarkers and lifestyle variables, were assessed in clinical examinations. A total of 18.9% of the participants had fatty liver in adulthood. High childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with an increased risk of fatty liver (risk ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.42 [1.18‐1.70]; P = 0.0002). This association was robust to adjustment for age, sex, and childhood risk factors of fatty liver, including high body mass index, elevated insulin, and low birth weight (1.33 [1.09‐1.62]; P = 0.005). High childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was also associated with the development of risk factors of fatty liver in adulthood. Adulthood risk factors linking childhood socioeconomic disadvantage with fatty liver included waist circumference (proportion mediated of the total effect of childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, 45%), body mass index (40%), systolic blood pressure (29%), insulin (20%), physical activity (15%), triglycerides (14%), and red meat consumption (7%). Conclusion: Childhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with multiple risk factors of fatty liver and increased likelihood of fatty liver in adulthood.

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“…In addition to parental and household factors, an additional level of the environment to consider is the neighbour -hood. Disadvantaged neighbourhoods are linked to worse physical and mental health (Diez Roux & Mair, 2010), child verbal ability (Sampson, Sharkey, & Raudenbush, 2008), educational attainment (Boyle, Georgiades, Racine, & Mustard, 2007), cortisol functioning (Finegood, Rarick, Blair, & Investigators, 2017;Karb, Elliott, Dowd, & Morenoff, 2012;Theall, Shirtcliff, Dismukes, Wallace, & Drury, 2017), and adult cognitive functioning (Shih et al, 2011;Wight et al, 2006). Furthermore, given the relevance of assessing the experience of SES, it is important to consider families' perceptions of where they live.…”

Section: Neighbourhood Chaosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighbourhood chaos moderates the association of socioeconomic status and child executive functioning

John

Tarullo

2019

Infant and Child Development

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Although broad associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and child executive functions (EFs) are well established, contextual factors that may matter for effects of SES on EF are not fully understood. This study used a bioecological approach to examine factors that may moderate SES–EF relations. A socioeconomically diverse sample of children ages 4.5–5.5 completed working memory and go/no‐go tasks. Parents reported on well‐being, household chaos, and neighbourhood chaos. Higher SES related to better working memory performance and higher accuracy on go trials, but neighbourhood chaos moderated these associations. Specifically, for higher neighbourhood chaos, the relations between SES and working memory and go accuracy (indexing general vigilance) were especially pronounced, such that the best EF performance was observed in children in high‐SES households who experienced higher neighbourhood chaos. Results highlight the relevance of neighbourhood quality for underlying processes of EF development, particularly in the context of high SES. Further, findings suggest the importance of teasing apart specific contextual factors that matter for child cognitive functioning. Highlights Children ages 4.5‐5.5 years completed working memory and go/no‐go tasks to assess executive function. Parents reported on household socioeconomic status, well‐being, household chaos and neighborhood chaos. In more chaotic neighbourhoods, SES was significantly related to child executive functions such that children with both high‐SES and high‐neighbourhood chaos showed better executive function performance. Results highlight the importance of considering the interplay of contextual factors and socio‐economic status in early childhood executive function development.

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Association Between Neighborhood Violence and Biological Stress in Children

Cited by 114 publications

References 39 publications

Young Adult Unemployment and Later Depression and Anxiety: Does Childhood Neighborhood Matter?

Young Adult Unemployment and Later Depression and Anxiety: Does Childhood Neighborhood Matter?

Childhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Risk of Fatty Liver in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Neighbourhood chaos moderates the association of socioeconomic status and child executive functioning

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