Association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: The role of lipids, inflammatory cytokines, altered host response, and the microbiome

Abstract

Periodontitis is a "chronic inflammatory disease associated with dysbiotic plaque biofilms and characterized by a progressive destruction of the tooth supporting apparatus". 1 Periodontitis affects 42.2% of the US population aged older than 30 years and 59.8% of those aged older than 65 years. 2 According to the World Health Organization, periodontitis is the major cause of tooth loss in adults. 3 Periodontitis pathogenesis is multifactorial with environmental, microbial, and host involvement affecting disease outcomes. Many systemic conditions have been associated with periodontitis, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur concomitantly and together they increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and double the risk of type 2 diabetes. [12][13][14][15] Metabolic syndrome affects approximately 34% of the US population 16 and 10% of US adolescents. 17 The prevalence of metabolic syndrome also increases with age and varies with ethnicity and gender. 18 Several definitions of metabolic syndrome exist and differ slightly depending on the issuing agency. The most commonly utilized definition is provided by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. This definition requires that the individual has at least three of the following risk factors: (a) increased abdominal circumference, (b) low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (c) increased values for plasma triglycerides, (d) elevated blood pressure, and (e) elevated glucose levels. 19 Prediabetes is also accepted as part of metabolic syndrome because it is associated with insulin resistance and is highly predictive of new-onset type 2 diabetes. 20The predominant underlying risk factors for metabolic syndrome appear to be abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Other associated conditions are physical inactivity, aging, and hormonal imbalance. 21 Among the risk factors, visceral adiposity appears to be aThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Metagenomic Analysis Reveals a Mitigating Role for Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium animalis in Experimental Periodontitis

“…Desulfovibrionaceae, as members of the sulfate-reducing bacteria, produce H 2 S, a virulence factor that gradually results in inflammation and irreversible degradation of gingival tissue [ 49 ]. Coriobacteriia have been shown to be strongly associated with aggressive PD [ 50 ], and A6 and L9 intervention significantly reduced the abundance of both critical pathogens.…”

Correlation Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolome With Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Metabolic Disorders

“…Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting apparatus, has recently been linked to metabolic syndrome due to its common denominator of inflammation and its close correlation with systemic diseases ( Watanabe and Cho, 2014 ; Pirih et al., 2021 ). Patients with severe periodontitis have a higher risk for MetS ( Saito et al, 2005 ; Lamster and Pagan, 2017 ; Almoznino et al., 2021 ), and the periodontal probing depth is positively correlated with the prevalence of MetS ( Francesco et al., 2008 ; Kim et al., 2018 ).…”

Biphasic Functions of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) in Soft and in Hard Periodontal Tissues

“…Periodontitis is the sixth complication of DM, and they share various pathogenic mechanisms; however, the exact mechanism by which diabetes is associated with periodontitis is not fully understood [86]. One study reported that periodontitis models with diabetes suffer more alveolar bone loss than those without diabetes [87].…”