Association between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter and blood pressure, hypertension: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Noise and Air Pollution as Risk Factors for Hypertension: Part I—Epidemiology

“…55 Longer-term exposures have been linked with chronic elevations in blood pressure and increased prevalence and incidence of hypertension as well. 15,47 A meta-analysis from Zhao et al 45 on the association between long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and hypertension found a RR of 1.21 (95% CI, 1.07-1.35) for incident hypertension risk and an OR of 1.06 (95% CI, 1.03-1.09) for prevalent hypertension, and comparable results by Niu et al 56 showed that exposure to PM 1 , PM 2.5 , and PM 10 were significantly related to a higher risk of hypertension along with increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These results were also confirmed by Qin et al, 46 indicating that adult hypertension incidence was significantly influenced by exposure to PM 2.5 (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.07-1.14]), PM 10 (OR, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.07]), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 , OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.08-1.36]) with weaker associations in children.…”

Excess Global Blood Pressure Associated With Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution Levels Exceeding World Health Organization Guidelines

“…We estimated BP responses to PM 2.5 derived from a meta‐analysis of 24 studies involving wide‐ranging global pollution levels. 3 However, our results likely represent conservative approximations. A meta‐analysis of randomized double‐blind air cleaner trials showed that a 10 μg/m 3 decrease in PM 2.5 translated into a ~2‐mm Hg reduction in systolic BP, more than a 3‐fold greater response.…”

“… 1 Most importantly, exposure to ambient PM 2.5 has been convincingly shown to promote significant elevations in BP. 2 , 3 In this context, we sought to estimate association between global PM 2.5 concentrations and worldwide excess BP levels. 4…”

“… 5 The PM 2.5 exposure‐to‐BP‐response relationship was based on the most recent meta‐analysis: increases of 0.63 and 0.31 mm Hg in systolic and diastolic BP levels, respectively, per 10 μg/m 3 elevation in long‐term PM 2.5 exposure. 3 Population‐level excess BP was estimated as the magnitude of BP elevations related to PM 2.5 concentrations above 5 μg/m 3 (2021 World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines). 4 For example, [(country average PM 2.5 –5)×0.63/10] for excess systolic BP.…”

Design, Synthesis, and Study of a Novel RXPA380–Proline Hybrid (RXPA380-P) as an Antihypertensive Agent

“…Hypertension or high blood pressure has emerged as a major public health problem of the 21st century, affecting an estimated 26% of the world’s adult population and is expected to increase to 29% by 2025. − The upgrowth of hypertension as the most important risk factor in stroke and coronary heart disease has necessitated the development of new therapeutic agents that have centered upon the development of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. , Because of its activity profile, ACE is one of the major therapeutic targets for controlling hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases. − …”