Association between influenza vaccination and hospitalisation or all-cause mortality in people with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Wilcox, Christopher R; Islam, Nazrul; Dambha‐Miller, Hajira

doi:10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000857

Cited by 45 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Among the 41 articles assessed based on full texts, 25 articles were excluded for lacking specific data or did not meet the inclusion criteria. A total of 16 studies were finally included in the review (12 studies on the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection [16,18,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], 6 on the association between influenza vaccination and COVID-19 clinical outcomes [10,17,22,26,31,32], 2 studies containing data on both the associations [22,26]. Nine of the 12 studies on the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection contained adjusted estimates.…”

Section: Study Selection and Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Influenza Vaccination and COVID-19 and Its Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Wang

Liu

2021

Vaccines

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Influenza could circulate in parallel with COVID-19. In the context of COVID-19, some studies observed inverse associations between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical outcomes, while others did not. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between influenza vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical outcomes, aiming to provide evidence for COVID-19 prevention and vaccination promotion. We searched four databases from inception to 10 March, 2021. Random effects and fixed effects models were used to pool odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used funnel plots to evaluate the publication bias, I2 statistics to evaluate the heterogeneity, and conducted subgroup analyses. Sixteen observational studies involving 290,327 participants were included. Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (pooled adjusted OR: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.81–0.91), while not significantly associated with adverse outcomes (intensive care: adjusted OR 0.63, 95%CI: 0.22–1.81; hospitalization: adjusted OR 0.74, 95%CI: 0.51–1.06; mortality: adjusted OR 0.89, 95%CI: 0.73–1.09). Our findings suggest that influenza vaccination is associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is crucial for policy makers to implement strategies on influenza vaccination, for it may also have benefits for COVID-19 prevention.

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Section: Study Selection and Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Influenza Vaccination and COVID-19 and Its Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Wang

Liu

2021

Vaccines

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“…COVID-19 virus has the potential to harm us as we are constantly exposed to the virus while visiting public places like restaurants, retail stores, businesses, places of worship, public parks and gardens, and places of work. Exposure to the virus can trigger our immune system to react to the virus as it has high negative outcomes toward our body, which has led to intense research and human clinical studies about effective COVID-19 vaccination [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the survey study, the respondents were shown how previous participants have answered survey questions in their country regarding behavioral perception about COVID-19 pandemic; vaccination drive; social distancing; preventive measures like wearing masks, hand washing, using sanitizers, etc. [15,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The information to the respondents was provided in a randomized way during the survey which showed the descriptive norms of the respondents about acceptance of the vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a message was shown at the beginning of the survey stating their responses are helping researchers across the world about the current COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination program. The weighted percentage was calculated as per responses received about measured outcomes of accepting the vaccination if it is made available to the respondents [ 16 , 23 - 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, researchers can benefit from this survey as well as can request access to the data and study the behavioral perception of the community toward vaccination and understand areas that need improvement. It also involves population characteristics like level of education, age, gender, geographical location, etc., which will benefit researchers to understand the risk of an outbreak [ 23 - 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Information Technology in COVID-19 Vaccination Drive: An Analysis of the COVID-19 Global Beliefs, Behaviors, and Norms Survey

Talukdar¹,

Stojkovski²,

Suárez³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, information technology has played a critical role in healthcare. A broad spectrum of information technology tools and applications played an essential role to create awareness of the COVID-19 vaccination drive and its health benefits. Research conducted by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in collaboration with information technology platforms like Facebook with inputs from World Health Organization (WHO), John Hopkins University (JHU), and Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) shows that 65.06% of people all over the globe are willing to get vaccinated. Vaccine acceptance depends upon social norms and human behavior. These organizations conducted the global survey in over 60 countries with a sample size of 437,236 responses. The international survey was organized using a pre-registered randomized experiment demonstrating the role of technology in reaching out to people based in diverse communities and evaluating their beliefs, behavior, and social norms. The study shows that vaccine acceptance can vary due to descriptive norms. All the respondents in the study were adults with access to the internet. Moreover, a large proportion of the population thinks that the COVID-19 pandemic is a viable threat to the community and preventive measures need to be taken including vaccination drives to eradicate the menace. The survey consisted of five blocks involving questions related to healthcare, demographics, vaccines, knowledge, and information exposure. Sampling and weighting were done using a pool of 3,000 respondents over two weeks, and weights were provided per respondent to represent the target population as a whole. It reduces the representation error and minimizes non-response biases.

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Vaccination against influenza viruses reduces infection, not hospitalization or death, from respiratory COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Pontiroli,

Scovenna,

Carlini

et al. 2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) causes COVID‐19 and has brought a huge burden in terms of human lives. Strict social distance and influenza vaccination have been recommended to avoid co‐infections between influenza viruses and SARS‐CoV‐2. Scattered reports suggested a protective effect of influenza vaccine on COVID‐19 development and severity. We analyzed 51 studies on the capacity of influenza vaccination to affect infection with SARS‐CoV‐2, hospitalization, admission to Intensive Care Units (ICU), and mortality. All subjects taken into consideration did not receive any anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine, although their status with respect to previous infections with SARS‐CoV‐2 is not known. Comparison between vaccinated and not‐vaccinated subjects for each of the four endpoints was expressed as odds ratio (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs); all analyses were performed by DerSimonian and Laird model, and Hartung‐Knapp model when studies were less than 10. In a total of 61 029 936 subjects from 33 studies, influenza vaccination reduced frequency of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection [OR plus 95% CI = 0.70 (0.65−0.77)]. The effect was significant in all studies together, in health care workers and in the general population; distance from influenza vaccination and the type of vaccine were also of importance. In 98 174 subjects from 11 studies, frequency of ICU admission was reduced with influenza vaccination [OR (95% CI) = 0.71 (0.54−0.94)]; the effect was significant in all studies together, in pregnant women and in hospitalized subjects. In contrast, in 4 737 328 subjects from 14 studies hospitalization was not modified [OR (95% CI) = 1.05 (0.82−1.35)], and in 4 139 660 subjects from 19 studies, mortality was not modified [OR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.26−2.20)]. Our study emphasizes the importance of influenza vaccination in the protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

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Association between influenza vaccination and hospitalisation or all-cause mortality in people with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study

Cited by 45 publications

References 38 publications

The Association between Influenza Vaccination and COVID-19 and Its Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

The Association between Influenza Vaccination and COVID-19 and Its Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Role of Information Technology in COVID-19 Vaccination Drive: An Analysis of the COVID-19 Global Beliefs, Behaviors, and Norms Survey

Vaccination against influenza viruses reduces infection, not hospitalization or death, from respiratory COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

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