Association between <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> Complex Pulmonary Disease and Mycobacteria in Home Water and Soil

Tzou, Connie L.; Dirac, M Ashworth; Becker, Annie L.; Beck, Nicola K.; Weigel, Kris M.; Meschke, John Scott; Cangelosi, Gerard A.

doi:10.1513/annalsats.201812-915oc

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…As the water could carry L. pneumophila , M. avium [ 46 ], P. aeruginosa [ 47 , 48 ], A. baumannii [ 49 , 50 ], or other OPPPs, any source of aerosols could be an OPPP source. In homes, apartments, and condominiums, aerosols are generated by showers [ 46 , 51 ], humidifiers [ 52 ], aerators on taps and faucets [ 47 ], from drains and from hot tubs and spas [ 53 ], fish tanks (aquaria), and watering indoor plants.…”

Section: Pathways Of Transmission Of Legionella and Opppsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living with Legionella and Other Waterborne Pathogens

Falkinham

2020

Microorganisms

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Legionella spp. and other opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens (OPPPs), including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium avium, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter baumannii, are normal inhabitants of natural waters, drinking water distribution systems and premise plumbing. Thus, humans are regularly exposed to these pathogens. Unfortunately, Legionella spp. and the other OPPPs share a number of features that allow them to grow and persist in premise plumbing. They form biofilms and are also relatively disinfectant-resistant, able to grow at low organic matter concentrations, and able to grow under stagnant conditions. Infections have been traced to exposure to premise plumbing or aerosols generated in showers. A number of measures can lead to reduction in OPPP numbers in premise plumbing, including elevation of water heater temperatures.

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Section: Pathways Of Transmission Of Legionella and Opppsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living with Legionella and Other Waterborne Pathogens

Falkinham

2020

Microorganisms

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“…Unless there is a compelling reason, there is no need to monitor or test premise plumbing for the presence of members of the MAC. Surveys across the United States have shown that 70% of showerheads have Mycobacterium spp., of which 30% have MAC [11][12][13][14][15]. Studies focusing specifically on mycobacteria in showerheads confirmed their presence, and identified microorganisms whose presence coincided with mycobacteria [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Mac Are In Most Householdsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…MAC have been isolated from bathrooms [11][12][13][14][15]31] and showerheads [14,15]. Furthermore, M. avium isolates from the showerhead and the infected patient using the shower were shown to be clonally related [15]. Evidence that isolation of M. avium from shower aerosols had a high odds ratio associated with M. avium pulmonary disease, which indicates that showers and their aerosols are significant sources of MAC [15].…”

Section: Mac In Premise Plumbingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MAC are staggeringly disinfectant-resistant [5], desiccation-resistant [Falkinham, in preparation], grow at low nutrient assimilable organic carbon (AOC) concentrations [6], grow at low oxygen concentrations [7], form biofilms [8] and tolerate high water heater temperatures [9]. MAC are readily aerosolized [10], and pulmonary infections have been traced to showerheads [11][12][13][14][15]. Humans are surrounded by MAC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) in Water Distribution Systems and Household Plumbing in the United States

Falkinham

2020

Water

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Members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) are waterborne, opportunistic pathogens whose characteristics make urban water distribution systems and household plumbing ideal habitats for their survival, persistence and growth. Rather than contaminants, MAC are colonists of drinking water systems. MAC are normal inhabitants of natural soils and water, and enter drinking water treatment systems through surface sources. A proportion of MAC survive transmission through the treatment plant, and regrow in the distribution system and household plumbing. Once within household plumbing, MAC adhere to surfaces and form biofilms, thus preventing their washout. The thermal tolerance of MAC leads to growth in water heating systems. Stagnation does not reduce MAC numbers, as MAC can grow at low oxygen levels. MAC present challenges to current water monitoring approaches as their numbers do not correlate with E. coli, fecal coliforms or heterotrophic plate count bacteria.

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“…M . avium is an environmental bacterium that many times infects the host through contact with environment sources [ 30 ]. Previous studies have shown that the passage of the bacterium in environmental conditions, for example, affect the physical properties of the bacterial surface, making it more resistant to the pH of the stomach [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Role of Mucin as Frontline Defense of Mucosal Surfaces against Mycobacterium avium Subsp. hominissuis

Bechler¹,

Bermudez

2020

Journal of Pathogens

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Mycobacterium avium is a human and animal pathogen that infects the host through the mucosal surfaces. Past work has demonstrated that the bacterium can interact with both the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Those surfaces in the body are covered by a bilayer of a glycoprotein, mucin, which works as a physical barrier and a gel which contains antibacterial and antivirus properties. This current work shows that different strains of M. avium, in contrast to Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes, are not able to bind to mucins, MUC2 and MUC5b, the main mucins in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, respectively. The lack of binding is due to the characteristics of the cell wall and is impaired by altering lipids, proteins, or glycolipids. M. avium, in contrast to E. coli, interacts with epithelial cells equally in the presence or absence of the mucin, suggesting that the cell wall of the pathogen can facilitate the bacterial movement through the mucin layer, towards the mucosal wall. In conclusion, the study has shown that M. avium can avoid the mucin barrier, which explains its ability to interact with the mucosal epithelium, even in absence of motion-related structures.

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Association between Mycobacterium avium Complex Pulmonary Disease and Mycobacteria in Home Water and Soil

Cited by 42 publications

References 26 publications

Living with Legionella and Other Waterborne Pathogens

Living with Legionella and Other Waterborne Pathogens

Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) in Water Distribution Systems and Household Plumbing in the United States

Investigating the Role of Mucin as Frontline Defense of Mucosal Surfaces against Mycobacterium avium Subsp. hominissuis

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