Association between HPV, CMV, EBV and HS Viruses and Breast Cancer in Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Viruses including Human papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes Simples (HSV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), and Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are believed to be associated with many cancers. It is well established that infection by highrisk HPVs (HR-HPVs) is considered as a major cause of several human carcinomas including cervical carcinoma, head and neck, colorectal and breast cancers. HSV, EBV, and CMV were also reported to have some role in the pathogenesis of human cancers. The association between these viruses and human malignancies would necessitate the introduction of vaccines which may reduce the burden of viral associated cancers. The assessment of the contribution of HR-HPVs, HSV, EBV, and HCMV in the pathogenesis of breast cancer in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is essential in order to evaluate the burden of these viruses, which has not been entirely studied yet. This review, presented an overview of the present epidemiological evidences regarding the presence of these viruses in human cancers with especial stress in breast cancer and the potential impact of these viruses in KSA.PubMed was searched using search terms included: Human papillomavirus (HPV), Herpes simplex virus, Herpes simplex virus 1, (HSV-1,2), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Breast cancer, and Saudi Arabia. Keywords: HPVs; EBV; HS; CMV; Saudi Arabia IntroductionIn recent years, there is a greater number of cancers are directly linked to infections with several viruses. It is well established that approximately 20% of the global human cancer can be attributed to virus infections [1]. Improvement in this field of research has transpired through analysis of cell signaling and growth control pathways that may be changed by the oncogenic viruses [2].HPV is the commonest sexually transmitted infections that associated with cancers worldwide. About 96% of cases of cervical cancer were found positive for high-risk HPVs, especially types 16 and 18 [3]. HR-HPVs may have a contributory part in some breast cancers [4,5]. HR-HPVs have been identified in benign breast tissues of the same type as in breast tumors, which later developed into cancer in the same patients [6].Nevertheless, only small proportion of HPV-positive cases progress in to malignancy, showing that HPV is indispensable but not enough in carcinogenesis. A number of biological and environmental cofactors have been involved in the progress of HPV-related carcinoma that includes co-infection with other sexually transmissible viruses. Such cofactors are expected to contribute to HPV persistent infection through miscellaneous mechanisms associated with immune control, effectiveness of HPV infection, and influences on tumor initiation and evolution [7]. Therefore, HPV co-infection with other factors may also possess anti-tumor properties. Thus, this review beside HPV assessed the role of (HSV-1,2), HCMV, and EBV in breast cancer.Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the commonest cause of genital ulcers in several regions around the world. HSV-2 annually...