Association between Enamel Hypoplasia and Dental Caries in Primary Second Molars: A Cohort Study

Abstract

poplasia had a significantly higher risk for caries at age 5 and 9 after controlling for other risk factors. Enamel hypoplasia appears to be a significant risk factor for caries and should be considered in caries risk assessment. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel Developmental enamel defects are disturbances during enamel formation and may be manifested as enamel hypoplasia or opacities. Enamel hypoplasia is a quantitative defect associated with reduced thickness of enamel formed during the secretory stage of amelogenesis [Suckling, 1989;Seow, 1991]. Developmental enamel defects, such as hypoplasia, have been speculated to increase the risk of dental caries in the affected teeth [Pascoe and Seow, 1994;Li et al., 1996;Lai et al., 1997]. Defective enamel sites (hypoplasia or hypocalcification) may provide suitable local environment for adhesion and colonization of cariogenic bacteria, and bacteria may retain at the base of the defect in contact with exposed dentin, thus dental caries on these defective sites may develop more rapidly [Li et al., 1996]. Defective enamel has higher acid solubility than normal enamel and is more susceptible to caries attack [Zheng et al., 1998]. The association between enamel hypoplasia and dental caries has been reported in several cross-sectional studies [Matee et al., 1994;Pascoe and Seow, 1994;Li et al., 1996;Ellwood and O'Mullane, 1996; Key Words Dental caries ؒ Enamel hypoplasia ؒ Primary teeth AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the longitudinal relationships between enamel hypoplasia and caries experience of primary second molars. The study sample was 491 subjects who received dental examinations at both age 5 and 9 by the calibrated examiners. Four primary second molars (n = 1,892) were scored for the presence of enamel hypoplasia for each participant. Caries presence and number of decayed and filled surfaces (dfs) were determined at age 5 and 9. The relationships between enamel hypoplasia and caries experience were assessed. Among primary second molars, 3.9% of children and 1.7% of primary second molars had enamel hypoplasia. At age 5, 36.8% of children with hypoplasia had caries, while 16.9% of children without enamel hypoplasia had caries. At age 9, the corresponding numbers were 52.6% for children with hypoplasia and 34.5% for children without hypoplasia, respectively. At the tooth level, for age 5, 28.1% of teeth with hypoplasia had caries (mean dfs = 0.40), and 7.6% of teeth without hypoplasia had caries (mean dfs = 0.11). At age 9, the corresponding numbers were 41.9% (mean dfs = 0.76) for teeth with hypoplasia and 18.3% (mean dfs = 0.34) for teeth without hypoplasia. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, teeth of subjects with enamel hy-

No Impact of Lower Intake of Micronutrients on Severe Early Childhood Caries: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study

“…Moreover, micronutrient deficiencies are reported to increase the risk of enamel hypoplasia [28], which could indirectly contribute to the occurrence of dental caries [29]. The present sample had a sufficient size and included children with a wide variety of intake regarding different micronutrients.…”

Amelogenin gene influence on enamel defects of cleft lip and palate patients

“…Less mineralized enamel or enamel with an irregular surface may become more susceptible to tooth caries development. 10,11,12,13,14,15 Some studies on cleft lip and palate (CLP) subjects report a high prevalence of tooth anomalies when compared with the general population. 16,17 These enamel alterations have been frequently and mainly found in the maxillary permanent central incisors adjacent to the clefts.…”

Estudo genético da mutação do gene AMELX na malformação dentária de pacientes com e sem fissura labiopalatina

“…As duas alterações mais características, que constituem defeitos da amelogênese, são: a hipoplasia e a hipomineralização. (Broadbent et al 2005, Schluter et al 2008, Uribe 2009, Parapanisiou et al 2009, Hong et al 2009). …”

“…Independentemente do tipo, podem comprometer a estética (Uribe 2009, Hong et al 2009). Ocorrem, provavelmente, durante a fase de secreção da amelogênese, devido a agressões menos intensas do que aquelas que causam hipoplasia, mas também podem ser resultado de qualquer distúrbio durante a longa fase de maturação na formação do esmalte (Needleman et al 1991).…”

“…Além disso, está bem estabelecida a relação entre os defeitos do esmalte e a cárie dentária. O esmalte menos mineralizado ou com superfície irregular pode se tornar mais suscetível ao desenvolvimento da cárie dentária (Broadbent et al 2005, Schluter et al 2008, Bailleul-Forestier et al 2008, Uribe 2009, Parapanisiou et al 2009, Hong et al 2009, Kang et al 2011). …”