“…Our conclusion is consistent with the recent systematic review of Amiel Castro et al (Amiel Castro et al, 2018) that PMS seems to be a risk factor for PPD development. Eight studies included in that review were excluded from the present study: two because they investigated the effect of PPD history before the index pregnancy and PMS development after delivery (Haywood et al, 2007;Warner et al, 1991); another two as they examined the lifetime comorbidity between PMS and PPD (Kim et al, 2016;Yang et al, 2015); one study was excluded from the meta-analysis because number of PMS symptoms was used as the exposure (Dennis and Ross, 2006); another two because PPD was measured in the immediate postpartum period (De Morais et al, 2013;Dennis and Ross, 2006); and one study was excluded because a control group of women free of PMS was not included (Studd, 2014).…”