Association between Early Marriage and Other Sociomedical Characteristics with the Cervical Pap Smear Results in Iraqi Women

Khalaf, May Kasim; Rasheed, Faris Anwer; Hussain, Saad Abdulrahman

doi:10.4236/asm.2015.54009

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In our study, the majority of the subjects (>50%) were in the age group of 41-61 years (Fig.1). A study performed in2010 reported a low prevalence of HPV in the young women and general populationwhich is in line with the findings of our study [25,26]. Though, HPV types 16/18 did not have a significant pattern in age-specific distribution (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Various small-scale local studies from India presenting HPV 16/18 type distribution in association with cervical cancer have been carried out [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Not a single study has been carried out in Bihar for HPV prevalence in cervical cancer patients where the 88.7% population resides in rural India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Papilloma Virus Types 16/18 Distribution in Invasive Cervical Cancer: An Evidence for Vaccination in Bihar, India

Kumar

Trivedi

Chauhan

et al. 2021

JPRI

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There is high incidence of cervical cancer in Bihar, India. Vaccination for cervical cancer in developed countries has played a crucial role in limiting the incidence rate of cervical cancer worldwide. In consideration of debate on clinical efficacy of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine in India, study on the prevalence of high risk HPV 16/18 strains in different regions of the nation becomes very crucial. Few individual states have started vaccination but centralised vaccination program does not exist due to lack of sufficient genotypic study of Human Papilloma Virus in different parts of India. Bihar is the third most populous state of India and HPV 16/18 distribution has not been reported yet. The nationwide data of HPV 16/18will help to develop a unified centralised vaccination program. We carried out a distribution study of high risk HPV type 16 and 18 in cervical cancer patients attending a tertiary care hospital of Bihar, India.HPV 16/18 types were analysed in cervical cancer tissues (n = 96) of patients attending the regional cancer hospital of Bihar. Tissue samples were analysed for HPV 16 and HPV 18 using a Real Time PCR technique. The results suggest very high prevalence of HPV 16/18. HPV was identified in all the samples (96/96). About, 74 (77.08%) samples presented with HPV 16 whereas, 16 (16.67%) of the samples presented with HPV 18. 6 Co-infection was presented in 6 (6.25%) of the samples of cervical cancer tissues. HPV 16/18 prevalence is more in the women aged between 41 to 61 years.We report 100% prevalence of HPV16/18 in the cervical cancer tissue samples. A way to minimise this gynaecological concern would be to introduce prophylactic vaccines and early screening in the state of Bihar. The data generated would be crucial in drafting for community screening of HPV. We strongly emphasize the prophylactic HPV Vaccination against HPV 16 to control the alarming rate of cervical cancer in one of the most populous state of India, Bihar.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Papilloma Virus Types 16/18 Distribution in Invasive Cervical Cancer: An Evidence for Vaccination in Bihar, India

Kumar

Trivedi

Chauhan

et al. 2021

JPRI

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“…Similar findings have been published by other studies conducted by Khalaf MK et al (70.5%), Zainab et al (51.92%), Tapasvi I et al (92.3%). [15][16][17] Early marriages, leads to longer sexual life and being sexually active for longer duration elevates the number of pregnancies, abortions, deliveries and increases the chances of sexually transmitted infection. HPV is a very common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and its infection has been found in almost all cases of invasive cervical cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time from infection to the development of invasive cancer is thought to be many years; typically between 10 and 40. 6,11,13,15,18,19 Marriage at younger age then leads to longer sexual life which proves to be a significant risk factor in cervical dysplasia and also increases susceptibility of adolescent cervix to oncogenic irritation. The adolescent cervix is vulnerable to various potential oncogenic factors (HPV) when exposed and results in increase incidence of dysplasia and its further course.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study of cervical cytology in females above 21 years of age

Singh

Gehlot

2019

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

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Background: Cancer cervix is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries like India most probably due to lack of proper screening facilities or due to the lack of awareness amongst the women of developing countries. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the second most common and 5th deadliest cancer in women. This study was conducted in department of obstetrics and Gynaecology, Umaid hospital, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur Rajasthan, India. The objective of this study was to study the various high risk factors involved in premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix. To study the incidence of different epithelial abnormalities of cervix in females above 21 years of age. To study premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix in relation to the presenting complaintMethods: The study was conducted in 500 females above 21 years of age and who were not pregnant, who had been attending Umaid Hospital, Jodhpur for various gynaecological complaints, of different parity, residential status and socioeconomic class. Detailed history was taken and thorough examination was done. Pap smear was prepared and all smears were reported as per the Bethesda system.Results: Maximum numbers of patients were in the age group of 21-40 years (70.2%). Majority of patients were from rural area (52.4%) and from lower socioeconomic class (30.2%). Most of women were found to have duration of marriage between 10 to 30 years (63.4%). Most of the women in our study had age at marriage between 17 to 19 years (49.4%). Multiparity was seen in 84.2% of cases. The commonest presenting complaint was white discharge (46.8%). On Pap smear, maximum cases were of inflammatory smear (91.4%), 1.4% had ASCUS, 1.2% AGC, 1.4% LSIL, 1% HSIL and 0.4% had SCC.Conclusions: Cervical cytology is an important tool for early detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix. Regular pap smear screening should be conducted in vulnerable age groups.

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“…Based on other studies, women who married at age ≤ 20 years are five times more likely to develop cervical cancer (Setyarini, 2012). Moreover, in the study of Iraqi women indicated that very young married age is strongly associated with abnormal pap smear examination results (Khalaf, Rasheed, & Hussain, 2015). Variable types of contraception with exp (β) = 488.484 explains that patients using hormonal contraception devices will be at risk of cervical cancer by 488.484 times greater than patients who use non hormonal contraception.…”

Section: Ijphcsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Logistic Modeling Backward Methods to Determine the Risk Factors That Affect Cervical Cancer Cases

Aksari

Purnomo

Indriani

2018

IJPHCS

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Background: Cervical cancer is second place as a killer of women in the world. Cervical cancer still be a problem of women's reproductive health. The incidence of both cervical cancer cases and deaths showed a trend that is increasing. Several factors are considered to influence the occurrence of cervical cancer are age, first marriage age, number of children, type of contraception, and length of contraception usage. This study aimed to analyze the influence of risk factors for cervical cancer to the cervical cancer cases in Wisnuwardhana's Cancer Foundation in 2017 use binary logistic regression method. Materials and Methods:Based on the calculation of the sample size obtained case and control samples each of 40, so the total sample in this study as many as 80 samples. The method of determining and sampling is done by using simple random sampling method. The results were analysed using multivariate binary logistic regression modelling backward method. Result:The results of multivariate binary logistic regression showed five predictor variables were suspected of having links with cervical cancer cases, there are three variables, they are age (Pvalue = 0.010), first marriage age (Pvalue = 0.044) and type of contraception (Pvalue = 0.000) that significantly affect the cases of cervical cancer. Conclusion:The study revealed that age, first marriage age, and type of contraception are the significant risk factors associated with cervical cancer at Wisnuwardhana Cancer Foundation Surabaya.

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Association between Early Marriage and Other Sociomedical Characteristics with the Cervical Pap Smear Results in Iraqi Women

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Human Papilloma Virus Types 16/18 Distribution in Invasive Cervical Cancer: An Evidence for Vaccination in Bihar, India

Human Papilloma Virus Types 16/18 Distribution in Invasive Cervical Cancer: An Evidence for Vaccination in Bihar, India

A study of cervical cytology in females above 21 years of age

Binary Logistic Modeling Backward Methods to Determine the Risk Factors That Affect Cervical Cancer Cases

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