Association between early bacterial carriage and otitis media in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of Western Australia: a cohort study

Sun, Wenxing; Jacoby, Peter; Riley, Thomas V.; Bowman, Jacinta; Leach, Amanda J.; Coates, Harvey; Weeks, Sharon; Cripps, Allan W.; Lehmann, Deborah

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-366

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Maternal tobacco smoking was associated with earlier acquisition of pneumococcal colonisation in infants in a study from the Thai–Myanmar (Burma) border,143 whereas a study in Perth reported no such association 144. Neither study addressed exposure to cooking smoke or household use of open fires.…”

Section: Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Gordon¹,

Bruce²,

Grigg³

et al. 2014

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

756

592

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A third of the world’s population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5–4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.

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Section: Respiratory Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Gordon¹,

Bruce²,

Grigg³

et al. 2014

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

756

592

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“…In Indigenous Australian children, early carriage of non-typeable H. influenzae increases the risk of OM, whereas in non-Indigenous Australian children, early carriage of M. catarrhalis was associated with increased risk of OM. This difference between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian children is most likely the result of different environmental risk factors 53 . Only a few studies have examined the correlation of bacterial density or load in the nasopharynx with OM and those have been focused on children who are at specific risk for developing OM 54,55 .…”

Section: Bacterial Colonization and Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Otitis media

Schilder

Chonmaitree

Cripps

et al. 2016

Nat Rev Dis Primers

389

361

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Otitis media (OM) or middle ear inflammation is a spectrum of diseases, including acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME; 'glue ear') and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). OM is among the most common diseases in young children worldwide. Although OM may resolve spontaneously without complications, it can be associated with hearing loss and life-long sequelae. In developing countries, CSOM is a leading cause of hearing loss. OM can be of bacterial or viral origin; during 'colds', viruses can ascend through the Eustachian tube to the middle ear and pave the way for bacterial otopathogens that reside in the nasopharynx. Diagnosis depends on typical signs and symptoms, such as acute ear pain and bulging of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) for AOM and hearing loss for OME; diagnostic modalities include (pneumatic) otoscopy, tympanometry and audiometry. Symptomatic management of ear pain and fever is the mainstay of AOM treatment, reserving antibiotics for children with severe, persistent or recurrent infections. Management of OME largely consists of watchful waiting, with ventilation (tympanostomy) tubes primarily for children with chronic effusions and hearing loss, developmental delays or learning difficulties. The role of hearing aids to alleviate symptoms of hearing loss in the management of OME needs further study. Insertion of ventilation tubes and adenoidectomy are common operations for recurrent AOM to prevent recurrences, but their effectiveness is still debated. Despite reports of a decline in the incidence of OM over the past decade, attributed to the implementation of clinical guidelines that promote accurate diagnosis and judicious use of antibiotics and to pneumococcal conjugate vaccination, OM continues to be a leading cause for medical consultation, antibiotic prescription and surgery in high-income countries.

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“…Whether these unique strains are better adapted to colonization and, therefore, disease requires further investigation. Additionally, we cannot ignore the environmental factors that lead to a propensity for NTHI carriage (and OM) in Aboriginal children such as overcrowding and exposure to tobacco smoke (20,25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By age 2 months, H. influenzae was isolated at least once from 27% of Aboriginal children compared with 6% of non-Aboriginal children (18). Early carriage of NTHI was associated with an increased risk of subsequent OM (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…We have previously described nasopharyngeal colonization (18) and OM (19,20) in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children living in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder area of the Goldfields in Western Australia as part a prospective longitudinal cohort study known as the Kalgoorlie Otitis Media Research Project (KOMRP) (21). Aboriginal children in the KOMRP had higher NTHI carriage rates than non-Aboriginal children (42.0% versus 11.1%) in the first 2 years of life.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Strains Colonizing Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children

et al. 2014

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e Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) strains are responsible for respiratory-related infections which cause a significant burden of disease in Australian children. We previously identified a disparity in NTHI culture-defined carriage rates between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children (42% versus 11%). The aim of this study was to use molecular techniques to accurately determine the true NTHI carriage rates (excluding other culture-identical Haemophilus spp.) and assess whether the NTHI strain diversity correlates with the disparity in NTHI carriage rates. NTHI isolates were cultured from 595 nasopharyngeal aspirates collected longitudinally from asymptomatic Aboriginal (n ‫؍‬ 81) and non-Aboriginal (n ‫؍‬ 76) children aged 0 to 2 years living in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region, Western Australia. NTHI-specific 16S rRNA gene PCR and PCR ribotyping were conducted on these isolates. Confirmation of NTHI by 16S rRNA gene PCR corrected the NTHI carriage rates from 42% to 36% in Aboriginal children and from 11% to 9% in non-Aboriginal children. A total of 75 different NTHI ribotypes were identified, with 51% unique to Aboriginal children and 13% unique to non-Aboriginal children (P < 0.0001). The strain richness (proportion of different NTHI ribotypes) was similar for Aboriginal (19%, 65/346) and non-Aboriginal children (19%, 37/192) (P ‫؍‬ 0.909). Persistent carriage of the same ribotype was rare in the two groups, but colonization with multiple NTHI strains was more common in Aboriginal children than in non-Aboriginal children. True NTHI carriage was less than that estimated by culture. The Aboriginal children were more likely to carry unique and multiple NTHI strains, which may contribute to the chronicity of NTHI colonization and subsequent disease.

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Association between early bacterial carriage and otitis media in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in a semi-arid area of Western Australia: a cohort study

Cited by 21 publications

References 20 publications

Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries

Otitis media

Diversity of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Strains Colonizing Australian Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children

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