Association between Drinking Patterns and Incident Hypertension in Southwest China

Abstract

Based on a prospective cohort study of adults from southwest China with heterogeneity in their demographical characteristics and lifestyles, we aimed to explore the association between drinking patterns and incident hypertension under the interaction of these confounding factors. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Subgroup analysis was performed according to sex, ethnicity, area, occupation, smoking, and exercise to compare the differences in the association between drinking patterns and the incidence of hypertension. Blood pressure was higher in participants with a high drinking frequency than those with a low drinking frequency (p < 0.001). We found that total drinking frequency, liquor drinking frequency, rice wine drinking frequency, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension. Compared with the non-drinking group, a heavy drinking pattern was positively correlated with hypertension. Drinking can increase the risk of hypertension, especially heavy drinking patterns, with a high frequency of alcohol intake and high alcohol consumption. From the analysis results of the longitudinal data, drinking alcohol is still an important risk factor for hypertension among Chinese subjects, especially for men, the rural population, the employed, the Han nationality, smokers, and certain exercise populations.

Assessing the association between smoking and hypertension: Smoking status, type of tobacco products, and interaction with alcohol consumption

“…Participants with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at baseline or previously were considered to have a history of diabetes. Criteria for type 2 diabetes and physical activity have been reported in the previous literature ( 20 ). Height and weight of each participant were collected by trained physicians with an accuracy of 0.001 m and 0.1 kg, respectively.…”

“…The venous blood of participants was sampled after fasting for at least 8 h to obtain the blood biochemical 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1027988 indicators, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Based on the questionnaire, we calculated the average daily ethanol intake of the participants as described in the previous report (20), and divided participants into four groups: non-drinking (0 g/d), light drinking (0-12 g/d), moderate drinking (12-24 g/d), heavy drinking (> 24 g/d).…”

Prevalence of hypertension in endemic and non-endemic areas of Keshan disease: A cross-sectional study in rural areas of China

“…Meanwhile, men consumed alcohol in larger amounts and more frequently than women ( 31 ). After stratifying by sex, daily drinking increased the risk of hypertension in men but did not affect women in Southwest China ( 32 ). A J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and hypertension has been identified in women, while alcohol consumption was linearly correlated with the risk of hypertension in men ( 33 , 34 ).…”

Findings from a Nationwide Study on Alcohol Consumption Patterns in an Upper Middle-Income Country

“…Smokers were also at an increased odds of drinking alcohol irrespective of gender [ 23 , 25 , 28 ]. Additionally, smoking and drinking concurrently also elevated the risk of hypertension [ 29 , 30 ]. Another study found that the proportion of smokers among drinkers was high [ 30 ], which was also consistent with our study findings where the prevalence of smokers among current drinkers was 19.2%.…”