Association between COVID-19 vaccines and the menstrual cycle in young Japanese women

Kajiwara, Shihoko; Akiyama, Naomi; Baba, Hisashi; Ohta, Michio

doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2023.01.003

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In studies, in which menstrual cycle lengths were measured, it was found that the menstrual cycle lengths after vaccination were not different from before vaccination. [20,21] In another prospective study conducted in women who were planning pregnancy and monitored online, it was found that the first menstrual cycle after each COVID-19 vaccine dose was an average of 1 day longer than the menstrual cycles before vaccination; however, it was reported that the cycle length returned to the pre-vaccine length with the second cycle. [22] In the present study, according to the FIGO criteria, heavy menstrual bleeding after vaccination was more common than before vaccination, but post-vaccine intermenstrual bleeding and a decrease in menstruation flow volume were found to be similar to pre-vaccine conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle: A study from Turkey

Toktaş,

Akelma,

Araç

2023

Medicine

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Concerns about a possible relationship between vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and menstrual disorders have been raised in the media. In addition, different studies have shown that the COVID-19 vaccine may be associated with menstrual changes. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle in women. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted between August 16 and September 17, 2021. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire via an online form sent to the participants through social media. Data of 586 women were included in this study. A total of 82.4% (n = 483) of the participants were aged between 31 and 50 years. The BioNTech vaccine (2 doses) was administered to 75.8% (n = 444), Sinovac (3 doses) to 9.0% (n = 53) of the participants. 53.1% (n = 311) of the women experienced changes in their menstrual cycles. The most common menstrual changes after vaccination were delayed menstruation (n = 176; 30.0%) and prolonged menstrual duration (n = 132; 22.5%). Menstrual delay, prolonged menstrual duration, heavy bleeding, and early menstruation were more common in women than prior to receiving the vaccine (P < .05). More than half of the women experienced menstrual cycle changes after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. Women experienced significantly higher rates of menstruation delay, prolonged menstrual duration, heavy bleeding, and early bleeding compared to before vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle: A study from Turkey

Toktaş,

Akelma,

Araç

2023

Medicine

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“…The maximum side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine were seen when the vaccination was done during the menstrual period. The side effects were minimized if the vaccination was done during ovulation [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on Iranian women’s menstrual cycle

Nasab¹,

Sanjar²,

Soleimani³

et al. 2024

Ital J Gynaecol Obstet

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Objective. The COVID-19 virus disrupts the renin-angiotensin system by reducing the expression of angiotensin-2 converting enzyme receptors in host cells, inducing an inflammatory response. This system regulates ovarian follicular development and ovarian steroid hormone production. So, this study has been conducted to examine the possible effects of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle of Iranian women. Materials and Methods.In this retrospective cohort study, an online researcher-made questionnaire containing 32 multiple-choice questions was used over one month to investigate the possible changes in the menstrual cycle after receiving COVID-19 vaccines among 916 eligible women aged 18 to 45 years.Results. The mean age of participants was 34.34 ± 8.37 years, 77.79% were married, and 61.47% were government employees. The highest number of participants (n = 377, 39.68%) had been vaccinated with the Sinopharm. The most common menstrual disorder (n = 189) was Menorrhagia. Most menstrual disorders were due to the AstraZeneca and Sinopharm vaccines. The chance of polymenorrhea after receiving the Sputnik vaccine was 1.88 times higher than AstraZeneca (OR = 1.88 and P = 0.04, 95% CI = 1.02, 3.46). The chance of hypermenorrhea after the AstraZeneca vaccination was 2.77 times higher than after the Sputnik (OR = 2.77 and P = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.18, 0.74). Conclusions.Regardless of the type of vaccine, females subjected to COVID-19 may experience self-limiting menstrual abnormalities. Awareness of women before receiving the vaccine prevents further worries and uninformed judgments that negatively impact public attitudes.

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“…17,18 Moreover, menstrual cyclicity varies among ethnicities, 19 and there have been few reports in Asian women. 20 Therefore, we conducted a large-scale retrospective cohort study using the menstrual cycle tracking app Luna Luna to quantitatively investigate whether the booster shot affects menstrual cyclicity and the primary-series shots in the Japanese population.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 17 , 18 Moreover, menstrual cyclicity varies among ethnicities, 19 and there have been few reports in Asian women. 20 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prolongation of the Menstrual Cycle After Receipt of the Primary Series and Booster Doses of mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination

Hosoya,

Piedvache,

Nakamura

et al. 2023

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the effect of a booster vaccination dose against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on menstrual cycle in a large-scale retrospective cohort study using a menstrual cycle tracking smartphone application (app). METHODS: Prospectively or retrospectively recorded data, including the start and finish dates of menstrual cycles, were collected with the app. Detailed data on vaccinations, side effects, and participants' characteristics were retrospectively collected from a questionnaire on the app. For each COVID-19 vaccination shot (first, second, and third), within-individual changes in menstrual cycle length up to the fourth postvaccination cycle were evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 7,376 and 6,873 participants who had the first and second COVID-19 vaccine doses in different menstrual cycles, respectively, menstrual cycles immediately after the vaccination (first postvaccination cycles) were an average of 0.22 days (95% CI, 0.06–0.39) and 0.37 days (95% CI, 0.20–0.54) longer than the prevaccination cycle. In contrast, among the 1,672 participants who received the first and second doses in the same cycle, the first postvaccination cycle was an average of 4.21 days (95% CI, 3.69–4.72) longer. The second to fourth postvaccination cycles returned to the level of the prevaccination cycle. However, among the 4,768 participants who had the third COVID-19 vaccine dose, the menstrual cycle immediately after the vaccination was an average of 1.20 days (95% CI, 1.00–1.40) longer, with prolongation of cycles of 0.27 days (95% CI, 0.10–0.44) to 0.41 days (95% CI, 0.22–0.59) persisting from the second to the fourth postvaccination cycle. CONCLUSION: The booster shot against COVID-19 may have a greater and longer-lasting effect on menstrual cycles than the primary-series shots. Although the effect size was small, evidence on the side effects of immunization on menstruation should be accumulated.

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Association between COVID-19 vaccines and the menstrual cycle in young Japanese women

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Examining the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle: A study from Turkey

Examining the effect of COVID-19 vaccines on the menstrual cycle: A study from Turkey

An investigation into the effects of COVID-19 vaccines on Iranian women’s menstrual cycle

Prolongation of the Menstrual Cycle After Receipt of the Primary Series and Booster Doses of mRNA Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination

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