Association between angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion deletion polymorphism and androgenetic alopecia susceptibility among Egyptian patients: A preliminary case‐controlled study

Abstract

Background Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent condition with a complex etiopathogenesis. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene located on the chromosome 17q23 contains an insertion (I) and deletion (D) polymorphism in the intron 16. This gene polymorphism plays a role in multiple inflammatory disorders. However, there are no studies investigating its association with AGA susceptibility. Objectives In this work, we aimed at exploring the association of ACE gene I/D polymorphism in AGA susceptibility in a group of Egyptian patients. Methods This study included 100 AGA patients, and 100 apparently healthy controls. The ACE gene I/D polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results The DD, ID genotypes, and D allele showed higher frequent distribution among studied AGA patients than controls (p < 0.05 each). Positive family history and ACE gene I/D polymorphism were considered AGA susceptibility predictors in both uni‐ and multivariable analyses [p < 0.05 each (OR (95% CI)] on applying logistic regression analysis for risk factors prediction. Conclusions This study highlights the possible contribution of the suspected genetic polymorphism as a susceptibility indicator for AGA development in the examined group of patients.

APOE gene polymorphism and susceptibility to superficial mycoses

“…Lipoproteins have been found to play a direct role in preventing fungal infections along with infections caused by other microorganisms (Han, 2010). The APOE gene codes for the Apolipoprotein E. It is located on chromosome 19 and has three polymorphisms namely, 2, 3, and 4 (Mustafa et al 2023). These polymorphisms arise due to variation of C or T nucleotide at codons 112 and 158.…”

“…The six genotypes are created by different combinations such as (2/2, 3/3, 4/ 4, 2/3, 2/4, and 3/4) (Hatters et al 2009). This difference in status of APOE gene polymorphism affects the susceptibility to different diseases (Karpouzis, 2009) including superficial fungal infections (Mustafa et al 2023). Since APOE functions both as an immunomodulator as well as antimicrobial agent, identifying the status of APOE polymorphism in patients with superficial mycoses is an advantageous option (Tursen et al 2004).…”

“…A few studies with human populations have shown that the status of APOE gene polymorphism can be utilized to assess the risk factor to superficial fungal diseases like dermatophytosis (Tursen et al 2004). However such studies have been limited to only a few ethnicities (Mustafa et al 2023). Tursen et al (2004), carried out a study with 42 patients in Turkey, where they assessed the APOE gene polymorphism status in patients with superficial mycoses.…”

“…Very recently another study was carried out with Egyptian population by Mustafa et al, (2023). In this study, the blood cholesterol levels and the APOE status was assessed for 150 patients including males and females with tinea versicolour, cutaneous candidiasis, and dermatophytic lesions.…”

Association Between ACE I/D Gene Polymorphism and Dyslipidemia in Hypertensive Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Complication Among Ethiopian Population

“…The I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene is due to an insertion (I) or deletion (D) of a 287-base pair (bp) Alu sequence in intron 16, giving rise to three genotypes: II, ID, and DD. 8 Previous research has indicated that the ACE DD genotype is linked with higher plasma ACE concentrations and increased vasoconstriction, which raises the risk of HTN-related IHD complications. However, this is controversial, as researchers have produced contradictory findings with no link between the DD genotype and IHD.…”