“Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: findings from a post hoc analysis.”

Vasquez-Apestegui, Bertha Vanessa; Parras-Garrido, Enrique; Tapia, Vilma; Paz-Aparicio, Valeria M; Rojas, Jhojan P.; Ccoyllo, Odón R. Sánchez-; Gonzáles, Gustavo F.

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-39404/v2

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, it was noticed that the link between COVID-19 and PM 2.5 could involve not only major cities, but also rural and small municipalities, where large emissions of ammonia forms (NH y ) derived from agriculture, are produced, being precursors of PM 2.5 . Similar results were also found in Peru, where Vasquez-Apestegui et al (2021) reported higher rates of COVID-19 in Metropolitan Lima, which would be attributable -among other variables-to the increased exposure to PM 2.5 in previous years. However, a post-hoc analysis of the data did not find an association with the mortality rate.…”

Section: Recent Studies By Continents and Countriessupporting

confidence: 82%

Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences

Marquès

Domingo

2022

Environmental Research

114

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In June 2020, we published a review focused on assessing the influence of various air pollutants on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and the severity of COVID-19 in patients infected by the coronavirus. The results of most of those reviewed studies suggested that chronic exposure to certain air pollutants might lead to more severe and lethal forms of COVID-19, as well as delays/complications in the recovery of the patients. Since then, a notable number of studies on this topic have been published, including also various reviews. Given the importance of this issue, we have updated the information published since our previous review. Taking together the previous results and those of most investigations now reviewed, we have concluded that there is a significant association between chronic exposure to various outdoor air pollutants: PM 2.5 , PM 10 , O 3 , NO 2 , SO 2 and CO, and the incidence/risk of COVID-19 cases, as well as the severity/mortality of the disease. Unfortunately, studies on the potential influence of other important air pollutants such as VOCs, dioxins and furans, or metals, are not available in the scientific literature. In relation to the influence of outdoor air pollutants on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although the scientific evidence is much more limited, some studies point to PM 2.5 and PM 10 as potential airborne transmitters of the virus. Anyhow, it is clear that environmental air pollution plays an important negative role in COVID-19, increasing its incidence and mortality.

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Section: Recent Studies By Continents and Countriessupporting

confidence: 82%

Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences

Marquès

Domingo

2022

Environmental Research

114

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“…Besides, comparing predictors of COVID-19 cases and deaths between disproportionally Latino counties (> 17.8% Latino population) and all other counties in the USA, exposure to PM 2.5 (third vs first quartile) was significantly associated with COVID-19 related-deaths (RR: 1.230; 95%CI 1.028, 1.471) [74]. Lastly, in Latin America, data from 24 districts in Lima (Peru) showed an independent association between PM 2.5 and COVID-19 deaths per population density but not for CFR [56]. The association of long-term exposure to PM 2.5 with CFR is very uncertain: two studies of better methodological quality [56,68] indicated an unclear negative association; while two studies at high overall risk of bias [52,72] indicated positive associations of varying precision.…”

Section: Effects Of Long-term Air Pollution On Covid-19 Relateddeathsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…A significant correlation between PM 2.5 and COVID-19 incidence was observed in Italy [66], in Lima [56] and in the Netherlands [71] but not in the US when comparing Latino vs non-Latino counties (cases: RR 1.028; 95%CI 0.918, 1.151)) [74]. However, a significant correlations between PM 2.5 , diesel PM, traffic and COVID-19 prevalence were observed in the USA [65].…”

Section: Effects Of Long-term Air Pollution On Covid-19 Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Lastly, in Latin America, data from 24 districts in Lima (Peru) showed an independent association between PM 2.5 and COVID-19 deaths per population density but not for CFR [56]. The association of long-term exposure to PM 2.5 with CFR is very uncertain: two studies of better methodological quality [56,68] indicated an unclear negative association; while two studies at high overall risk of bias [52,72] indicated positive associations of varying precision. The association of long-term PM 2.5 exposure with mortality shows high certainty of being positive.…”

Section: Effects Of Long-term Air Pollution On Covid-19 Relateddeathsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Seven of the remaining studies reporting on long-term exposure were at low overall risk of bias. One study [56] was at unclear overall risk of bias as it was not clear where authors had obtained COVID-19 outcome data, or how these outcomes were determined.…”

Section: Quality Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute and chronic exposure to air pollution in relation with incidence, prevalence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review

et al. 2021

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Background Air pollution is one of the world’s leading mortality risk factors contributing to seven million deaths annually. COVID-19 pandemic has claimed about one million deaths in less than a year. However, it is unclear whether exposure to acute and chronic air pollution influences the COVID-19 epidemiologic curve. Methods We searched for relevant studies listed in six electronic databases between December 2019 and September 2020. We applied no language or publication status limits. Studies presented as original articles, studies that assessed risk, incidence, prevalence, or lethality of COVID-19 in relation with exposure to either short-term or long-term exposure to ambient air pollution were included. All patients regardless of age, sex and location diagnosed as having COVID-19 of any severity were taken into consideration. We synthesised results using harvest plots based on effect direction. Results Included studies were cross-sectional (n = 10), retrospective cohorts (n = 9), ecological (n = 6 of which two were time-series) and hypothesis (n = 1). Of these studies, 52 and 48% assessed the effect of short-term and long-term pollutant exposure, respectively and one evaluated both. Pollutants mostly studied were PM2.5 (64%), NO2 (50%), PM10 (43%) and O3 (29%) for acute effects and PM2.5 (85%), NO2 (39%) and O3 (23%) then PM10 (15%) for chronic effects. Most assessed COVID-19 outcomes were incidence and mortality rate. Acutely, pollutants independently associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality were first PM2.5 then PM10, NO2 and O3 (only for incident cases). Chronically, similar relationships were found for PM2.5 and NO2. High overall risk of bias judgments (86 and 39% in short-term and long-term exposure studies, respectively) was predominantly due to a failure to adjust aggregated data for important confounders, and to a lesser extent because of a lack of comparative analysis. Conclusion The body of evidence indicates that both acute and chronic exposure to air pollution can affect COVID-19 epidemiology. The evidence is unclear for acute exposure due to a higher level of bias in existing studies as compared to moderate evidence with chronic exposure. Public health interventions that help minimize anthropogenic pollutant source and socio-economic injustice/disparities may reduce the planetary threat posed by both COVID-19 and air pollution pandemics.

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Airborne magnetic nanoparticles may contribute to COVID-19 outbreak: Relationships in Greece and Iran

Martínez-Boubeta

Simeonidis

2022

Environmental Research

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This work attempts to shed light on whether the COVID-19 pandemic rides on airborne pollution. In particular, a two-city study provides evidence that PM 2.5 contributes to the timing and severity of the epidemic, without adjustment for confounders. The publicly available data of deaths between March and October 2020, updated it on May 30, 2021, and the average seasonal concentrations of PM 2.5 pollution over the previous years in Thessaloniki, the second-largest city of Greece, were investigated. It was found that changes in coronavirus-related deaths follow changes in air pollution and that the correlation between the two data sets is maximized at the lag time of one month. Similar data from Tehran were gathered for comparison. The results of this study underscore that it is possible, if not likely, that pollution nanoparticles are related to COVID-19 fatalities (Granger causality, p < 0.05), contributing to the understanding of the environmental impact on pandemics.

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“Association between air pollution in Lima and the high incidence of COVID-19: findings from a post hoc analysis.”

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences

Positive association between outdoor air pollution and the incidence and severity of COVID-19. A review of the recent scientific evidences

Acute and chronic exposure to air pollution in relation with incidence, prevalence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review

Airborne magnetic nanoparticles may contribute to COVID-19 outbreak: Relationships in Greece and Iran

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