Association between age-related macular degeneration and 25(OH) vitamin D levels in the Turkish population

The Roles of Vitamin D and Polyphenols in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review

“…The authors suggested future studies with a follow-up design to better explain these findings [20]. In the case-control study of Kabataş et al, the authors found that serum Vit D levels were significantly lower in patients with AMD and in patients with advanced-stage AMD (11.4 ± 5.1 ng/mL in wet-type) compared to patients with early-and intermediatestage AMD (15.3 ± 10.9 ng/mL) [10]. In the cross-sectional study of Serena et al, the aim was to determine Vit D levels in different AMD stages.…”

“…Although Vit D may be taken in the form of nutritional supplements or Vit D food fortification (e.g., cow's milk, margarine, orange, plant-based milk, cereals, and bread) [17]. Vit D is primarily produced in the skin, and its production may be impaired in the elderly due to skin atrophy [10].…”

“…Although Vit D may be taken in the form of nutritional supplements or Vit D food fortification (e.g., cow's milk, margarine, orange, plant-based milk, cereals, and bread) [17]. Vit D is primarily produced in the skin, and its production may be impaired in the elderly due to skin atrophy [10]. Decreased sun exposure, obesity, nutritional deficiency, clothing style, malabsorption, and liver diseases are other causes of Vit D deficiency [10].…”

“…Vit D is primarily produced in the skin, and its production may be impaired in the elderly due to skin atrophy [10]. Decreased sun exposure, obesity, nutritional deficiency, clothing style, malabsorption, and liver diseases are other causes of Vit D deficiency [10]. Some health conditions cause malabsorption of Vit D, such as cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, gastric bypass surgery, and intestinal lymphangiectasia.…”

“…Previous reviews have reported the anti-inflammatory potential of Vit D in neovascular AMD and its effect on the reduction of the risk of early AMD development [6]. The mechanism of action seems to protect against oxidative damage in the cellular membrane and proteins [10].…”