Associated Gas Utilization Using Gas Turbine Engine, Performance Implication—Nigerian Case Study

Anosike, Nnamdi; El-Suleiman, A.; Pilidis, Pericles

doi:10.4236/epe.2016.83012

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…While methane on the global scale is primarily emitted by wetlands, agriculture, and waste sources, natural gas and petroleum systems contribute up to a quarter of global anthropogenic emission and 10 % of the global source (Warneck and Kirschke et al, 2013;Saunois et al, 2016). Non-associated natural gas (produced by reservoirs without liquid) composition is dominated by methane, while associated gas contains smaller fractions of methane and higher fractions of alkanes (Farry, 1998;Matar and Hatch, 2001;Anosike et al, 2016). Figure 9 shows the propane versus ethane mixing ratios in the AG, coloured by the excess NMHC mole fraction.…”

Section: Excess Mole Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) have been extensively studied around the globe due to their importance to atmospheric chemistry and their utility in emission source and chemical sink identification. This study reports on shipborne NMHC measurements made around the Arabian Peninsula during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign. The ship traversed the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the northern Indian Ocean, and the Arabian Gulf, before returning by the same route. The Middle East is one of the largest producers of oil and gas (O&G), yet it is among the least studied. Atmospheric mixing ratios of C2–C8 hydrocarbons ranged from a few ppt in unpolluted regions (Arabian Sea) to several ppb over the Suez Canal and Arabian Gulf (also known as the Persian Gulf), where a maximum of 166.5 ppb of alkanes was detected. The ratio between i-pentane and n-pentane was found to be 0.93±0.03 ppb ppb−1 over the Arabian Gulf, which is indicative of widespread O&G activities, while it was 1.71±0.06 ppb ppb−1 in the Suez Canal, which is a characteristic signature of ship emissions. We provide evidence that international shipping contributes to ambient C3–C8 hydrocarbon concentrations but not to ethane, which was not detected in marine traffic exhausts. NMHC relationships with propane differentiated between alkane-rich associated gas and methane-rich non-associated gas through a characteristic enrichment of ethane over propane atmospheric mixing ratios. Utilizing the variability–lifetime relationship, we show that atmospheric chemistry governs the variability of the alkanes only weakly in the source-dominated areas of the Arabian Gulf (bAG=0.16) and along the northern part of the Red Sea (bRSN=0.22), but stronger dependencies are found in unpolluted regions such as the Gulf of Aden (bGA=0.58) and the Mediterranean Sea (bMS=0.48). NMHC oxidative pair analysis indicated that OH chemistry dominates the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the region, but along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf the NMHC ratios occasionally provided evidence of chlorine radical chemistry. These results demonstrate the utility of NMHCs as source/sink identification tracers and provide an overview of NMHCs around the Arabian Peninsula.

show abstract

Section: Excess Mole Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While methane on the global scale is primarily emitted by wetlands, agriculture and waste sources, natural gas and petroleum systems contribute up to a quarter of global anthropogenic emission, and 10% of the global source (Warneck and Williams, 2012;Kirschke et al, 2013;Saunois et al, 2016). Non-associated natural gas (produced by reservoirs without liquid) composition is dominated by methane while associated gas contains smaller fractions of methane and higher of alkanes (Farry, 1998;Matar and Hatch, 2001;Anosike et al, 2016). Fig.…”

Section: Excess Mole Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non Methane Hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

Bourtsoukidis¹,

Ernle²,

Crowley³

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Atmospheric Non Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) have been extensively studied around the globe due to their importance to atmospheric chemistry and their utility in emission source and chemical sink identification. This study reports on shipborne NMHC measurements made around the Arabian Peninsula during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign. The ship traversed the Mediterranean Sea, the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Northern Indian Ocean and the Arabian Gulf, before returning by the same route. This region is one of the largest producers of oil and gas (O&G); yet it is among the least studied. Atmospheric mixing ratios of C2&#8211;C8 hydrocarbons ranged from a few ppt in unpolluted regions (Arabian Sea) to several ppb over the Suez Canal and Arabian Gulf where a maximum of 166.5&#8201;ppb of alkanes was detected. The ratio between i-pentane and n-pentane was found to be 0.93 &#177; 0.03&#8201;ppb&#8201;ppb&#8722;1 over the Arabian Gulf which is indicative of widespread O&G activities, while it was 1.71 &#177; 0.06&#8201;ppb&#8201;ppb&#8722;1 in the Suez Canal which is a characteristic signature for ship emissions. We provide evidence that international shipping contributes to ambient C3&#8211;C8 hydrocarbon concentrations but not to ethane which was not detected in marine traffic exhausts. NMHC relationships with propane differentiated between alkane-rich associated gas and methane-rich non-associated gas through a characteristic enrichment of ethane over propane atmospheric mixing ratios. Utilizing the variability-lifetime relationship, we show that atmospheric chemistry governs the variability of the alkanes only weakly in the source dominated areas of the Arabian Gulf (bAG = 0.16) and along the northern part of Red Sea (bRSN = 0.22), but stronger dependencies are found in unpolluted regions such as the Gulf of Aden (bGA = 0.58) and Mediterranean Sea (bMS = 0.48). NMHC oxidative pair analysis indicated that OH chemistry dominates the oxidation of hydrocarbons in the region but along the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf the NMHC ratios occasionally provided evidence for chlorine radical chemistry. These results demonstrate the utility of NMHCs as source/sink identification tracers and provide an overview of NMHCs around the Arabian Peninsula.

show abstract

“…Anosike et al [72] stated that GTW is a better use of associated gas than re-injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In countries with a power production deficit like Nigeria, which generates less than 54% of its total power generation needs because of infrastructural limitations and gas supply deficits, GTW is a superior option with obvious economic incentives for investors.…”

Section: Gas To Wire (Gtw)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Qualitative Assessment of Natural Gas Utilisation Options for Eliminating Routine Nigerian Gas Flaring

Abu

Patchigolla

Simms

2023

Gases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Natural gas flaring, with its harmful environmental, health, and economic effects, is common in the Nigerian oil and gas industry because of a lower tax regime for flared gases. Based on the adverse effects of flared gas, the Nigerian government has renewed and improved its efforts to reduce or eliminate gas flaring through the application of natural gas utilisation techniques. However, because the conventional approach to flare gas utilisation is heavily reliant on achieving scale, fuel, and end-product prices, not all technologies are technically and economically viable for typically capturing large and small quantities of associated gas from various flare sites or gas fields (located offshore or onshore). For these reasons, this paper reviews and compares various flare gas utilisation options to guide their proper selection for appropriate implementation in the eradication of routine gas flaring in Nigeria and to promote the Zero Routine Flaring initiative, which aims to reduce flaring levels dramatically by 2030. A qualitative assessment is used in this study to contrast the various flare gas utilisation options against key decision drivers. In this analysis, three natural gas utilisation processes—liquefied natural gas (LNG), gas to wire (GTW), and gas to methanol (GTM)—are recommended as options for Nigeria because of their economic significance, technological viability (both onshore and offshore), and environmental benefits. All these gas utilisation options have the potential to significantly reduce and prevent routine gas flaring in Nigeria and can be used separately or in combination to create synergies that could lower project costs and product market risk. This article clearly identifies the environmental benefits and the technical and economic viability of infrastructure investments to recover and repurpose flare gasses along with recommendation steps to select and optimise economies of scale for an associated natural gas utilisation option.

show abstract

Associated Gas Utilization Using Gas Turbine Engine, Performance Implication—Nigerian Case Study

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>8</sub>) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>8</sub>) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

Non Methane Hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

A Review on Qualitative Assessment of Natural Gas Utilisation Options for Eliminating Routine Nigerian Gas Flaring

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Associated Gas Utilization Using Gas Turbine Engine, Performance Implication—Nigerian Case Study

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–C&lt;sub&gt;8&lt;/sub&gt;) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

Non Methane Hydrocarbon (C2–C8) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

A Review on Qualitative Assessment of Natural Gas Utilisation Options for Eliminating Routine Nigerian Gas Flaring

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>8</sub>) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula

Non-methane hydrocarbon (C<sub>2</sub>–C<sub>8</sub>) sources and sinks around the Arabian Peninsula