49 Administration and Society 1379 (2017), I introduced a third component to the idea of accountability, what I described as per factum accountability (building on Dubnick and Frederickson, Public Accountability: Performance Measurement, the Extended State, and the Search for Trust (Washington: Kettering Foundation & National Academy of Public Administration, 2011), in which they theorize accountability as being based upon pre factum and post factum ideas).