“…For carbon (C1s), the most significant peak was found at the binding energy of~284.8 eV, which was linked to carbon and hydrogen, C-(C,H) in amino acids or lipids ( Table 2). The lowest value for this peak was found to be associated with cells cultured in~90 µM of P. The other C1s components were found at~286.3 eV, assigned to carbon singly bound to oxygen or nitrogen (C-(O,N)), including ether, alcohol, amine, and amide; at~287 eV, assigned to carbon forming a double bond with oxygen C = O or two single bonds O-C-O attributed to carbonyl, carboxyl groups, amide, acetyl, and hemiacetal; and at~288 eV, associated with carbon forming one double bond and one single bond with oxygen C = O-O, including the carboxyl group, and C = O-OR, including esters [31,32,34]. The other C1s components were found at~286.3,~287 eV, and~288 eV and were found to be higher for cells cultured in 90 µM of P, in particular the peak at 288 eV ( Table 2).…”