Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Rawan, Bakht; Ullah, Waheed; Ullah, Rafi; Akbar, Tahir Ali; Ayaz, Zainab; Javed, Muhammad Faisal; Din, Islamud; Ullah, Siddique; Mohamed, Abdullah; Khan, Nasir; Khan, Owais Iqbal

doi:10.3390/w14203270

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 52 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Daily intake of HMs via consumption of fish was determined by using the following equation: where EDI is the estimated daily intake of HMs, CM means the concentration of HMs in fish mg/kg wet weight, and FIR is the fish intake rate in the study area. It was considered 10 g/person/day because no information was available on daily fish intake and WAB representing the average body weight was taken 60 kg reported for fish from river Chenab, Pakistan 48 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The detrimental effects of heavy metals on tributaries exert pressure on water quality, Crossocheilus aplocheilus, and the well-being of human health

Subhanullah,

Hassan,

Ali

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The escalating presence of heavy metals (HMs) in the Panjkora River water and their impact on fish pose a significant challenge to both the ecological community and human health. Consequently, a study was conducted with the primary aim of elucidating their influence on human health-related issues. To address this, the concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn), in both water and the fish species Crossocheilus diplocheilus were investigated across various locations within the study area. The quantification of HMs concentration was carried out utilizing an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The highest concentration in water was found as 0.060 mg/L for Pb and lowest for Fe, whereas the highest concentration in fish was 2.028 mg/kg for Pb and lowest for As. Human health risk associated with fish eating was evaluated by using health risk indices (HRI) for non-carcinogenic health risks and targeted cancer risk (TR) for carcinogenic health risks. The values of the health risk index (HRI) were found greater than 1 except Fe (0.0792), Zn (0.782), and Mn (0.541). The highest mean HRI > 1 was recorded for As (62.99), Cd (26.85), and Pb (10.56). This implies that fish consumption from river Panjkora is not safe up to some extent. Similarly, the TR value for As, Cd, and Pb was found 2.8 $$\times {10}^{-2}$$ × 10 - 2 , 1.6 $$\times {10}^{-2}$$ × 10 - 2 , 2.8 ×$${10}^{-3}$$ 10 - 3 which showed cancer risk. There is a detected risk to human health associated with the consumption of fish from the Panjkora River. The government must implement adaptive measures to address this significant issue of water pollution in the study area. Additionally, there is a need for further extensive and prolonged research studies in this context.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The detrimental effects of heavy metals on tributaries exert pressure on water quality, Crossocheilus aplocheilus, and the well-being of human health

Subhanullah,

Hassan,

Ali

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Evaluating Potable Rainwater Harvesting System Design and Regulations

Sojka,

Gee,

Sojka

2023

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

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Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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Water quality has been a major problem in Pakistan owing to a mix of factors such as population expansion, industrial units in urban areas, and agricultural activities. The purpose of this research is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of water quality monitoring and assessment in Pakistan. The article begins by examining the water sources of Pakistan (i.e., surface water, groundwater, and rainwater). The paper then discusses the methods used by researchers in Pakistan for water quality monitoring and assessment, including chemical, physical, and biological methods. It has been determined that in certain regions in Pakistan, the concentration of arsenic present in the groundwater exceeds the national and international prescribed maximum limits. The range of arsenic concentrations in the Punjab province can vary from 10 to 200 μg/L, while higher concentrations of up to 1400 μg/L have been recorded in Sindh. In the Punjab province, fluoride concentrations vary from 0.5 to 30 mg/L, while in Sindh, the levels can reach up to 18 mg/L. In addition, some of the research has talked about bacteria. A 2017 study found that the fecal coliform concentrations in certain water in different cities of Pakistan surpassed limits and were as high as 1100 CFU/100 mL. Additionally, natural factors such as geological formations and high salinity in some areas contribute to the contamination of water. The effect of water pollution on public health has the potential to cause harm. It is critical to investigate creative strategies for improving water quality, and it is necessary to make investments in research and development, which could include the implementation of sophisticated technologies and the conception of new treatment processes. The review performed in this paper facilitates an understanding of the current water quality in Pakistan, including the types and magnitudes of contaminants present in the water sources. Subsequently, the assessment emphasizes deficiencies and challenges in the existing water quality monitoring frameworks and provides suggestions for improving them. This review is also of significant benefit to all the stakeholders involved in ensuring clean and safe water for human consumption and other purposes in Pakistan, such as policymakers, water managers, researchers, and other stakeholders.

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Assessments of Roof-Harvested Rainwater in Disctrict Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Cited by 3 publications

References 52 publications

The detrimental effects of heavy metals on tributaries exert pressure on water quality, Crossocheilus aplocheilus, and the well-being of human health

The detrimental effects of heavy metals on tributaries exert pressure on water quality, Crossocheilus aplocheilus, and the well-being of human health

Evaluating Potable Rainwater Harvesting System Design and Regulations

Water Quality Assessment and Monitoring in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

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