Assessment of Water Quality using Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis for River Markanda, India

Abstract

The present study uses several univariate and multivariate statistical techniques to evaluate and interpret a water quality data set obtained from the Markanda River within the states of Himachal Pradesh and Haryana, India. Data was collected from September-November 2015 for eight parameters which are used to evaluate the status of the river water quality, namely pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride, sulfate, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. Water quality was monitored at 8 sampling locations along the stretch of river Markanda. All the datas were first analysed using univariate statistical tools, followed by principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis that reduced the data dimensions for better interpretation. This study also presents the usefulness of different statistical methods for evaluation and interpretation of river water quality data for the purpose of monitoring the effectiveness of water resource management. Higher values of EC and BOD indicate that river water is not safe for drinking purpose as prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).

Analisis Klaster K-Means Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai di Kota Surakarta, Jawa Tengah

“…Pada dasarnya sungai-sungai yang memiliki area aliran air yang luas dapat melakukan proses pemurnian diri. Proses pemurnian sendiri meliputi pengenceran dan dispersi, aerasi, oksidasi, reduksi dan dengan peran banyak mikroorganisme akan membuat zat-zat beracun menjadi tidak beracun (Garg, 2018). Di Indonesia, air sungai sangat diperlukan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan rumah tangga sebagai penyuplai air minum, untuk irigasi di bidang pertanian, mendukung usaha perikanan dan pariwisata, bahkan digunakan sebagai sarana transportasi.…”

“…Telah dilakukan banyak penelitian tentang pengelompokan kualitas air sungai menggunakan analisis klaster dengan metode hirarki, di antaranya pengelompokan kualitas air Sungai Varuna di Varanasi, India (Dabgerwal & Tripathi, 2016), air Sungai Markanda, India (Garg, 2018), air Sungai Luan, Cina (Zhao & Cui, 2009), air Sungai Ganga, India (Dimri et al, 2021), dan air Sungai Muda, Malaysia (Azhar et al, 2015). Begitu pula penelitian pengelompokan kualitas air sungai dengan metode k-means, antara lain pengelompokan air sungai di Yogyakarta (Sukmawati, 2019) dan air Sungai Kreung Manee, Aceh Utara (Irfannur & Khairan, 2021), air Sungai Klang, Malaysia (Sharif et al, 2015), dan air Sungai Haihe, Cina (Zou et al, 2015).…”