Assessment of water quality in the Messolonghi–Etoliko and Neochorio region (West Greece) using hydrochemical and statistical analysis methods

Abstract

Assessment of the water quality can enhance understanding of the hydrochemical system and effective management of water resources. To this end, an assessment of water quality was conducted in the Messolonghi-Etoliko and Neochorio region. Surface water and groundwater samples have been collected, treated, and subjected to chemical analysis for the following parameters: Br⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, Li⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, HCO₃⁻, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A characterization has been carried out using the Piper trilinear diagram, the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram, and the Wilcox diagram. Assessment of water samples by comparing the recorded values of the water quality parameters with the parametric values established by European Community indicated that the 50% of the surface water samples and 67% of the groundwater samples in the study area are chemically suitable for drinking use. Assessment of water samples from calculation of chemical indexes like sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, and by comparing the values of the water quality parameters with the water quality limits established by Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment indicated that 75% of the surface water and that all the groundwater samples are chemically suitable for irrigation use.

Hydrochemical assessment of water quality for irrigation: a case study of the Medjerda River in Tunisia

“…This phenomenon has been also discussed by many researchers (Alexakis 2011;Hui et al 2011;Sappa et al 2012).…”

“…In particular, the main factors controlling water mineralization seem to be the mineral dissolution of highly soluble salts and, of less importance, the ion exchanges. The high chloride and sodium water contents are mainly attributed to the dissolution of anhydrite, gypsum, and halite (Alexakis 2011;Tlili-Zrelli et al 2013). Besides, high concentrations of sodium may be attributed to a base exchange reaction and leaching of sodium salts such as halite during the movement of water through sediments.…”

“…Thus, water salinization would be due to ionic concentrations increase as a result of the interactions between water and geological formations (Hamzaoui-Azaza et al 2011). However, the hydrochemical facies are not only depending on the solution kinetics, rock-water interactions and geology but also by the possible anthropogenic contaminations (Alexakis 2011). In fact, the increasing trend in the concentrations of chloride and sodium is quite alarming and may be due to an increase in industrial water pollution probably from unsupervised industrial wastewater discharge.…”

Water quality assessment and hydrochemical characterization of Zamzam groundwater, Saudi Arabia

“…where IAP is the Ion Activity Product of the dissociated chemical species in solution and k t is the equilibrium solubility product of the chemical involved (Alexakis 2011). The hydro-geochemical equilibrium model, Phreeqc model (Parkhurst and Appelo 1999), was used to calculate the SI of the groundwater with respect to the main mineral phases.…”

“…8a, b). Consequently, the halite, gypsum, fluorite, and anhydrite minerals tend to dissolve (Alexakis 2011;Aly 2015). Thus, there is opportunity for more Na ?…”