Assessment of Various Types of US Findings after Irreversible Electroporation in Porcine Liver: Comparison with Radiofrequency Ablation

Irreversible electroporation for nonthermal tumor ablation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: initial clinical experience in Japan

“…f Hepatobiliaryphase EOB-MRI 7 days after IRE shows a clear hypointense area with a sufficient ablation margin necrosis [11]. Actually, a previous preclinical study showed that the areas of necrosis measured in histologic images were well correlated with the hypoechoic regions measured in Kupffer-phase contrast-enhanced US images [12]. In addition, the results of an animal study demonstrated that the IRE ablation zones measured by contrast-enhanced MRI were well correlated with the corresponding necrotic zones measured by histologic examination [13].…”

A Comparative Study of Ablation Boundary Sharpness After Percutaneous Radiofrequency, Cryo-, Microwave, and Irreversible Electroporation Ablation in Normal Swine Liver and Kidneys

“…Four male Yorkshire pigs (3–4 months old; weight range, 50–70 kg) from one supplier (Archer Farms, Darlington, Maryland) underwent percutaneous CT-guided RFA, CA, MWA and IRE. Animals were induced and maintained on continous inhaled isoflurane during the procedures according to a protocol detailed in [17]. A neuromuscular paralytic, rocuronium (0.7–0.12 mg/kg), was administered before delivering IRE pulses.…”

Time-dependent impact of irreversible electroporation on pancreas, liver, blood vessels and nerves: a systematic review of experimental studies

“…The effects of IRE on liver tissue were investigated in 24 studies performing IRE in vivo using more than 260 animals [3,6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. In 3 of these studies the exact number of animals tested was unclear [9,10,30].…”

“…After 90-120 minutes following treatment features characteristic for cell apoptosis were observed, including infiltration of erythrocytes into and between widened sinusoidal spaces [11,27,28], as well as condensation of hepatocyte cytoplasm and pyknosis of hepatocyte nuclei [3,19,29]. Apoptotic activity was measured using immuno-histochemical staining for caspase-3.…”

“…As a result, contemporary literature is hesitant on defining this matter. Whether the effects of IRE are caused by a thermal or non-thermal mechanism remains unclear, since histological evaluation of tissue treated with IRE demonstrates characteristics of both necrosis and apoptosis, representing these two mechanisms of cell death [3,6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Cell apoptosis is associated with tissue regeneration and less inflammatory response and therefore the most preferable effect.…”