Assessment of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection by two-dimensional echocardiography.

Abstract

Twenty-three patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection were studied by two-dimensional echocardiography. In all cases the diagnosis was made before invasive procedures, with surgical or angiocardiographic confirmation. Eleven patients had supracardiac drainage (three to the coronary sinus, two to the right atrium,) and seven had infracardiac drainage. In the majority of cases the precise pattern of drainage could be identified by combining suprasternal, praecordial, and subcostal views. In 12 cases where the suprasternal cut was used a pulmonary venous confluence could be identified, having a cross-like structure in nine, with three others appearing as a dilated channel behind and separate from the left atrium. Thus, two-dimensional echocardiography reliably makes the diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and in the majority the precise pattern of drainage can be determined.

Pulmonary Venous Flow Index as a Predictor of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Variability in Congenital Heart Disease with Increased Pulmonary Flow: A Comparative Study before and after Oxygen Inhalation

“…28 Yet, when compared with our data, it remains unclear whether the vein that we studied corresponds to the upper or the lower left pulmonary vein. However, by the location and direction of the vein and in accordance with previous studies, [25][26][27] we believe it was the lower left. In addition, depending on the experience and preference of the echocardiographer, the right superior pulmonary vein can be used for the same purpose.…”

“…The left inferior pulmonary vein can be viewed in children from both the apical and subcostal 4chamber views, opposite to the right superior pulmonary vein and near the left atrial appendage. [25][26][27] However, it is best visualized from the apical four-chamber view with the transducer slightly shifted backwards and with a mild coun- terclockwise rotation in some cases, as a dilated tubular and longitudinal structure in the left lateral wall of the left atrium, extending from the region immediately above the atrioventricular sulcus to the point of drainage inside the atrium near the image of the descending aorta and was previously identified as a new echocardiographic signal of increased pulmonary flow. 11 The pulmonary vein blood flow was identified by color mapping as a blue color, laminar flow and by the pulsed Doppler as a negative deflection moving away from the transducer.…”

Partial and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in the fetus: two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic findings

“…and E.R.V.) reviewed the videotaped fetal echocardiograms simultaneously to reach consensus on the findings and analyzed them systematically for the features previously described for postnatal diagnosis of anomalous PV connection13–16. We scrutinized the site of PV connection and looked for the presence of a confluent vein behind the left atrium or of a vertical vein.…”

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return and Cor Triatriatum

“…Diagnosis is established by two-dimensional echocardiography and colour Doppler (Sahn et al, 1979;Smallhorn et al, 1981). Squashed left heart secondary to enlarged, hypertensive right ventricle is noted.…”