“…To present, several new refrigeration technologies with refrigerant-free designs have been developed to potentially lessen the environmental impacts, for instances, magnetocaloric ( Li et al., 2019 ), electrocaloric ( Mischenko et al., 2006 ), elastocaloric ( Qian et al., 2019 ), thermoacoustic ( Backhaus and Swift, 1999 ), and barocaloric refrigerations ( Manosa et al., 2010 ). However, none of these technologies have been fully implemented in daily household cooling usage, which are mainly limited by various technical disadvantages and small cooling/heating capacities ( Ismail et al., 2021 ).…”