Assessment of the toxicity of firefighter exposures using the PAH CALUX bioassay

Beitel, Shawn; Flahr, Leanne M.; Hoppe‐Jones, Christiane; Burgess, Jefferey L.; Littau, Sally R.; Gulotta, John; Moore, Paul; Wallentine, Darin; Snyder, Shane A.

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.105207

Cited by 23 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The urinary AhR activity was somewhat correlated with urinary PAH metabolites, but also seems to be related to other unmeasured exposures, including other dioxin-like compounds. 66 In addition to the observation that the AhR binding region may be relevant for SULT1C2 methylation in our study sample, a large body of evidence implicates AhR as an important regulator of other genes that we report in Supplemental Table S1, including CYP1A1 67 and CYP1B1, 68,69 both dioxininducible genes that are responsible for detoxification of a wide range of xenobiotic compounds. Interactions between genetics, epigenetics, and environmental exposures at genes like these may play a role in cancer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Differential DNA Methylation by Hispanic Ethnicity Among Firefighters in the United States

et al. 2021

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Firefighters are exposed to a variety of environmental hazards and are at increased risk for multiple cancers. There is evidence that risks differ by ethnicity, yet the biological or environmental differences underlying these differences are not known. DNA methylation is one type of epigenetic regulation that is altered in cancers. In this pilot study, we profiled DNA methylation with the Infinium MethylationEPIC in blood leukocytes from 31 Hispanic white and 163 non-Hispanic white firefighters. We compared DNA methylation (1) at 12 xenobiotic metabolizing genes and (2) at all loci on the array (>740 000), adjusting for confounders. Five of the xenobiotic metabolizing genes were differentially methylated at a raw P-value <.05 when comparing the 2 ethnic groups, yet were not statistically significant at a 5% false discovery rate ( q-value <.05). In the epigenome-wide analysis, 76 loci exhibited DNA methylation differences at q < .05. Among these, 3 CpG sites in the promoter region of the biotransformation gene SULT1C2 had lower methylation in Hispanic compared to non-Hispanic firefighters. Other differentially methylated loci included genes that have been implicated in carcinogenesis in published studies ( FOXK2, GYLTL1B, ZBTB16, ARHGEF10, and more). In this pilot study, we report differential DNA methylation between Hispanic and non-Hispanic firefighters in xenobiotic metabolism genes and other genes with functions related to cancer. Epigenetic susceptibility by ethnicity merits further study as this may alter risk for cancers linked to toxic exposures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Differential DNA Methylation by Hispanic Ethnicity Among Firefighters in the United States

et al. 2021

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“…Urine samples were analyzed for 10 PAH-OHs (1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 2-fluorenol, 3-fluorenol, 4-fluorenol, 1-phenanthrol, 2-phenanthrol, 3-phenanthrol, 4-phenanthrol, and 1-hydroxypyrene) as previously described. 20 In short, 3 mL urine samples were spiked with a mix of isotopically labeled PAH-OHs (1-hydroxynaphthalene- d 7, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene- d 8, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene- d 9, 2-hydroxyfluorene- d 9, and 1-hydroxypyrene- d 9). After the addition of 10 uL β-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia (Sigma Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI) and 5 mL of sodium acetate buffer, the samples were incubated at 37°C for 16 to 18 hours and extracted using Bond Elut Focus SPE cartridges (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Interventions to Reduce Firefighter Exposures

Burgess

Hoppe‐Jones

Griffin

et al. 2020

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

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“…The neck had the highest FC overall, as well as pre-and post-fire activity. A plausible explanation for this pattern is that the neck is the only location in which the PPE hood provides minimal protection, with a double layer of porous flame-resistant fabric and, thus, no built-in vapor barrier [23,44]. Furthermore, sites with thinner skin, including the neck, tend to more quickly absorb PAH [23,42,44].…”

Section: Meta-regression Of Skin Wipe Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A plausible explanation for this pattern is that the neck is the only location in which the PPE hood provides minimal protection, with a double layer of porous flame-resistant fabric and, thus, no built-in vapor barrier [23,44]. Furthermore, sites with thinner skin, including the neck, tend to more quickly absorb PAH [23,42,44]. Our rationale for adapting the IARC classification is that the IARC Monograph program comprehensively evaluates the published scientific evidence on carcinogenic, including PAH, hazards to humans based on exposure-related data, cancer epidemiology in humans, carcinogenicity in experimental animals, and mechanistic and other related data [51].…”

Section: Meta-regression Of Skin Wipe Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each original study selected a different number and components of PAH according to the available resources and the hypothesis. Of the various components of PAH, some studies analyzed up to 36 different analytes [46], while one study focused on a single analyte, benzo[a]pyrene, as a PAH marker [44]. Although there was a wide range of variability, naphthalene was the component mainly responsible for total PAH across the studies.…”

Section: Meta-regression Of Skin Wipe Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hwang

Agnew

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Firefighters have an elevated risk of cancer, which is suspected to be caused by occupational and environmental exposure to fire smoke. Among many substances from fire smoke contaminants, one potential source of toxic exposure is polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The goal of this paper is to identify the association between PAH exposure levels and contributing risk factors to derive best estimates of the effects of exposure on structural firefighters’ working environment in fire. We surveyed four databases (Embase, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science) for this systematic literature review. Generic inverse variance method for random effects meta-analysis was applied for two exposure routes—dermal and inhalation. In dermal, the neck showed the highest dermal exposure increased after the fire activity. In inhalation, the meta-regression confirmed statistically significant increases in PAH concentrations for longer durations. We also summarized the scientific knowledge on occupational exposures to PAH in fire suppression activities. More research into uncontrolled emergency fires is needed with regard to newer chemical classes of fire smoke retardant and occupational exposure pathways. Evidence-based PAH exposure assessments are critical for determining exposure–dose relationships in large epidemiological studies of occupational risk factors.

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Assessment of the toxicity of firefighter exposures using the PAH CALUX bioassay

Cited by 23 publications

References 28 publications

Differential DNA Methylation by Hispanic Ethnicity Among Firefighters in the United States

Differential DNA Methylation by Hispanic Ethnicity Among Firefighters in the United States

Evaluation of Interventions to Reduce Firefighter Exposures

Health Risks of Structural Firefighters from Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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