Assessment of the structure of the variability of morphological signs of Trifolium medium L. introduced under the conditions of mountainous dagestan

Image analysis of seeds and machine learning as a tool for distinguishing populations: Applied to an invasive tree species

“…Biometric analysis of seeds can be applied to studies on genetic divergence and variability between populations and individuals (Cruz, Regazzi, & Carneiro, 2012;Menegatti et al, 2017;Roveri-Neto & Paula, 2017;Pontes et al, 2018;Correia et al, 2019;Alfaro-Solís et al, 2020;Felix et al, 2020;Rosa et al, 2020). Furthermore, they are considered fundamental for population dynamics studies because they provide information on the establishment of species in new environments (Brus et al, 2011;Costa et al, 2016;Khumaeva et al, 2016;Rewicz et al, 2016;Dutra et al, 2017;Silva et al, 2017;Santos et al, 2018). The variations found in biometric studies are closely related to genetic factors (Santana et al, 2013), since during the maturation seed process, the dimensions of the seed are determined genetically (Bewley, Bradford, Hilhorst, & Nonogaki, 2013).…”

“…Therefore, the biometric study patterns of seeds from different populations can be an efficient method for this purpose, as they are the primary vehicle for the spread of germplasm. Variations in seed biometrics are intricately linked to environmental alterations and the genetic diversity of populations, which may be associated with their geographical origin (Brus et al, 2011;Santana, Torres, & Benedito, 2013;Costa et al, 2016;Khumaeva, Khabibov, & Muratchaeva, 2016;Rewicz, Bomanowska, Magda, & Rewicz, 2016;Pontes et al, 2018;Alfaro-Solís et al, 2020;Felix et al, Medeiros, Ferrari, Vieira, & Pacheco, 2020).…”