Assessment of the Risk of Breast Cancer Development Applying NCI Tool among Iraqi Women

Abstract

Objective: As part of the bioinformatics studies, we utilized National Cancer Institute (NCI)’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool to estimate the five-year period and lifetime risk of breast cancer development among Iraqi risky women. Methods: Totally, 110 risky women aged 21-67 (mean=36±7.4) years were interviewed by a series of questions regarding the risk of breast cancer development. Moreover, 100 cases with mutation in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes were included. Results: Our results demonstrated that the patient’s estimated risk of breast cancer development during the next five years and lifetime (until the age 90 years) included 0.96% (p=0.211) and 9.97% (p=0.002), respectively being relatively low. Accordingly, the lifetime risk for the breast cancer development was significantly higher (10.38%) than that of 5-year. However, the age of patients was not significantly associated to the breast cancer development as there was no significant difference among various age groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that long-term or lifetime period plays as a significant risk factor for developing breast cancer among female patients who had had a screening episode in Iraq.

Melatonin is an appropriate candidate for breast cancer treatment: Based on known molecular mechanisms

“…39 Several cytokines play a crucial role in the regulation of apoptotic and antiapoptotic factors, for example, interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α; each of these has an impact on some type of breast tumors. 40 Apoptosis is a mitochondrial pathway that depends on the "caspase cascade'' for proper function. Caspases are cysteine aspartate proteases; 14 members have been identified to date.…”

MEIS2 suppresses breast cancer development by downregulating IL10

“…40 IL10 can be produced by both immune cells and (breast) cancer cells. 41,42 IL10 is known as an anti-inflammatory cytokine and can induce immunosuppression to help cancer cells to escape from immune surveillance. 40,43 Here, we found that MEIS2 can regulate the expression level of IL10 to affect the infiltration of myeloid cells, which may be helpful to understand…”

Level and predictors of breast cancer awareness among Saudi women: A nationwide study

“…15 Therefore, these countries must adapt their breast cancer prevention and early detection programs to combat this global health concern. 15 There are prior publications covering breast cancer awareness in Saudi Arabia 7–11 ; however, to the best of our knowledge, there is no nationwide research investigating the degree of breast cancer awareness and its predictors among Saudi women from different regions of the country.…”

“…Moreover, our results confirm that higher levels of education are associated with adequate breast cancer knowledge and awareness ( p < 0.001), which is consistent with the findings from previous research related to breast cancer awareness and knowledge in Saudi Arabia. 10,11…”

“…Previous studies on Saudis have established the low levels of awareness regarding breast cancer knowledge and breast screening programs. 7–11 However, these studies were either regional, limited to a specific city in the country, or included a relatively small sample size. The local literature, therefore, is still in need of a comprehensive national study that investigates breast cancer awareness and screening, and its predictors.…”