Assessment of the Polyphenol Indices and Antioxidant Capacity for Beers and Wines Using a Tyrosinase-Based Biosensor Prepared by Sinusoidal Current Method

Abstract

The application of a novel Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Tyrosinase/Sonogel-Carbon electrode (PEDOT-Tyr/SNGC) biosensor to beers and wines analysis is proposed. This biosensor implies a new Sinusoidal Current (SC) electrodeposition method to immobilize the enzyme generating a nanostructure surface. The biosensors were characterized electrochemically, employing cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Sensitivity, limit of detection, and correlation coefficients of the linear fitting were 2.40 × 10−4 µA·µM−1, 4.33 µM, and R2 = 0.9987, respectively. Caffeic acid is used as the reference polyphenol. A sampling of nine beers (four lager, three stout, and two non-alcoholic beers), and four wines (three red and one white wine) purchased in a local store was performed. The Polyphenol indeces for beers and wines have been assessed using the proposed biosensor, and the obtained values are in agreement with the literature data. Antioxidant properties of the samples using the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical spectrophotometric method were also evaluated. The correlation between the polyphenol index and the antioxidant capacity was obtained for beers and wines.

Progress in Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Monitoring Wine Production

“…The estimated cost for the biosensor was under 2 euros and the fabrication time was under 5 min. No decrease in biosensor performances was observed after storage for 10 days at 4 • C [90].…”

“…Application of this biosensor for the analysis of the total polyphenol index in two wine samples (white and red) in 0.1 mol L −1 acetate buffer, pH 4.5 with amperometric detection at −0.1 V has allowed calculating values of the total polyphenol index very close to those determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In one report on tyrosinase based biosensors for wine analysis, the enzyme was immobilized on the surface of sonogel carbon electrodes concomitantly with the electropolymerisation of EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), using a sinusoidal current method [90]. The PEDOT/tyrosinase/sonogel carbon biosensor had a Km app of 178.72 µmol L −1 , showing a high affinity for caffeic acid.…”

“…For two red wines of the same brand but with different aging time in oak barrels (>24 months and >36 months, respectively) the polyphenol index measured with the biosensor was higher for the wine with a longer aging time (1186 µmol L −1 versus 936 µmol L −1 expressed as caffeic acid). The authors attributed this to the polyphenols extracted from the oak barrels [90]. The estimated cost for the biosensor was under 2 euros and the fabrication time was under 5 min.…”

<p>Chronic and acute effects of red wine versus red muscadine grape juice on body composition, blood lipids, vascular performance, inflammation, and antioxidant capacity in overweight adults</p>

“…Grapes and wines can exhibit very high antioxidant values, in vitro, allowing the assumption that these foods can serve as very potent antioxidants although less is known about effects in vivo. 12,28,29 Additionally, several studies have shown that the ethanol content combined with the polyphenol content of red wine helps improve and/or maintain endothelial function. 20,[30][31][32] In support of this concept, we found that only the acute red wine consumption resulted in a significant increase in FRAP and a significant decrease in AIx.…”

Biosensors for Antioxidants Detection: Trends and Perspectives

“…For the second assay, an increase in the signal compared with the signal obtained for individual phenols was explained either by the synergic effect among the polyphenols or by the contribution from several not individually detectable polyphenols. The same group improved the biosensor a few years later by adding a polymer film, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), into the biosensor architecture and using Lac instead of Tyr [ 38 ]. Another simple approach based on a carbon paste electrode on which Tyr is immobilized in a Nafion film was presented by Sýs et al [ 39 ].…”