“…Spatial and surface feature analyses find broad applications in satellite and geological images, effectively extracting information on region distribution, object recognition, geological structures, and tectonics [ 40 – 47 ]. Due to the advantages of expanding image features through superficial and spatial parameters, some studies have showed that OCT images combined with multiple texture analyses can be used for tissue differentiation in diagnostics [ 48 ], retinal thickness classification [ 49 ], urinary bladder cancer recognition [ 50 ], ovarian tissue characterization [ 51 ], gastrointestinal tissues classification [ 52 ], oral carcinoma identification [ 53 ], skin layer segmentation and surface quantification [ 54 , 55 ], and inner surface assessment of dental crowns [ 56 ]. These superficial and spatial texture analyses extract additional statistical, structural, model-based, transform-based, modulation-based, and image-moments characteristic information for segmenting, classifying, and recognizing biological tissues, internal layers, and tumors [ 57 ].…”