Assessment of the Induced Electric Fields in a Carbon-Fiber Electrical Vehicle Equipped with a Wireless Power Transfer System

Santis, Valerio De; Campi, Tommaso; Cruciani, Silvano; Laakso, Ilkka; Feliziani, M.

doi:10.3390/en11030684

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(50 reference statements)

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“…For a given WPT class, the magnetic field is maximum for small size vehicles with maximum ground clearance and maximum offset. The goal of this study was to numerically predict the magnetic field in the environment [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The numerical simulations were carried out by a hybrid technique based on the solution of an electromagnetic (EM) field/circuit coupled problem.…”

Section: Wpt Equivalent Circuit and Compensation Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Field during Wireless Charging in an Electric Vehicle According to Standard SAE J2954

et al. 2019

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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Recommended Practice (RP) J2954 (November 2017) was recently published to standardize the wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to recharge the battery of an electric vehicle (EV). The SAE J2954 RP establishes criteria for interoperability, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), electromagnetic field (EMF) safety, etc. The aim of this study was to predict the magnetic field behavior inside and outside an EV during wireless charging using the design criteria of SAE RP J2954. Analyzing the worst case configurations of WPT coils and EV bodyshell by a sophisticated software tool based on the finite element method (FEM) that takes into account the field reflection and refraction of the metal EV bodyshell, it is possible to numerically assess the magnetic field levels in the environment. The investigation was performed considering the worst case configuration—a small city car with a Class 2 WPT system of 7.7 kVA with WPT coils with maximum admissible ground clearance and offset. The results showed that the reference level (RL) of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines in terms of magnetic flux density was exceeded under and beside the EV. To mitigate the magnetic field, the currents flowing through the WPT coils were varied using the inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) compensation instead of the traditional series-series (SS) compensation. The corresponding calculated field was compliant with the 2010 ICNIRP RL and presented a limited exceedance of the 1998 ICNIRP RL. Finally, the influence of the body width on the magnetic field behavior adopting maximum offset was investigated, demonstrating that the magnetic field emission in the environment increased as the ground clearance increased and as the body width decreased.

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Section: Wpt Equivalent Circuit and Compensation Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Field during Wireless Charging in an Electric Vehicle According to Standard SAE J2954

et al. 2019

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“…These EMF regulations are widely discussed, and corresponding tests have been reported [42,43]. It has been shown that the leakage EMF may exceed human safety constraints without a properly designed shielding system [44], and shielding is necessary to control the EMF for a WPT system in high-power applications [30]. Further studies analyzed the internal electric field induced in tissues of the human body, which was investigated in anatomically based human models [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foreign Object Detection for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

Xia

Yuan

et al. 2020

Electronics

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Wireless power transfer technology is being widely used in electric vehicle wireless-charging applications, and foreign object detection (FOD) is an important module that is needed to satisfy the transmission and safety requirements. FOD mostly includes two key parts: metal object detection (MOD) and living object detection (LOD), which should be implemented during the charging process. In this paper, equivalent circuit models of a metal object and a living object are proposed, and the FOD methods are reviewed and analyzed within a unified framework based on the proposed FOD models. A comparison of these detection methods and future challenges is also discussed. Based on these analyses, detection methods that employ an additional circuit for detection are recommended for FOD in electric vehicle wireless-charging applications.

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“…One is to study the magnetic field distribution of WCS working on normal conditions. When the coupling coils are aligned, characteristics of electromagnetic fields distribution around the coupling coils are studied [2][3][4]. Magnetic field under different charging modes like the constant current and constant voltage charging operations are compared [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Magnetic Field Distribution and Characteristics of a 3.7 kW Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles under Offset

Zhai

Zhong

Cao³

et al. 2019

Energies

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A 3.7 kW resonant wireless charging system (WCS) is proposed to realize the energy transmission for electric vehicles. In addition to designing the electrical modules functionally, coupling coils are designed and verified by physical prototype, which guarantees the accuracy of coils and subsequent simulations. Then, we focus on the magnetic field distribution of coupling coils in the vehicle environment. Four points (A1, A2, A3, A4) in different regions and three points (the head B1, chest B2 and cushion B3) in the driving seat are helped to measure the magnetic field strength. The magnetic field distribution of coils under five offsets of 60 mm, 120 mm, 180 mm, 240 mm and 300 mm are analyzed theoretically and simulated correspondingly. The simulation results indicate that the magnetic field strength of test points are within the limits, but the strength at A3 is larger than 30.4 A/m required by SAE J2954 at 40% offset and 50% offset. Taking into account the composition of the actual magnetic field, the magnetic field distribution due to side-band and odd harmonic current are also obtained. An experimental bench for the proposed 3.7 kW WCS is built to validate the rightness and feasibility of the simulated scheme. The results of simulation and experiments of magnetic field distribution have less error and are often in good agreement.Energies 2019, 12, 392 3 of 21 obtained separately. In addition, the measurement results of near magnetic field distribution and far magnetic field at the odd frequency of 85 kHz are obtained. An experimental bench for the proposed 3.7 kW WCS is built to validate the rightness and feasibility of the simulation results. Design of the 3.7 kW WCSAccording to regulations on the power of SAE J2954, WPT1 (Wireless Power Transmission level 1) with 3.7 kW WCS is selected as a design product. The overall system is composed as shown in Figure 1. The primary side consists of a grid input, a power factor correction (PFC) circuit, an inverter, a primary compensation topology, and a primary coil, which are arranged on the ground; the secondary side is composed of a secondary coil, a secondary compensation topology, a rectifier, a filter and the battery arranged at the chassis of vehicle. The common part of primary and secondary side is the coupling coils, between which energy is transmitted through a coupling magnetic field.

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Assessment of the Induced Electric Fields in a Carbon-Fiber Electrical Vehicle Equipped with a Wireless Power Transfer System

Cited by 37 publications

References 25 publications

Magnetic Field during Wireless Charging in an Electric Vehicle According to Standard SAE J2954

Magnetic Field during Wireless Charging in an Electric Vehicle According to Standard SAE J2954

Foreign Object Detection for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging

Research on Magnetic Field Distribution and Characteristics of a 3.7 kW Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles under Offset

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