Assessment of the Fuel Composition Impact on Black Carbon Mass, Particle Number Size Distributions, Solid Particle Number, Organic Materials, and Regulated Gaseous Emissions from a Light-Duty Gasoline Direct Injection Truck and Passenger Car

Chan, Tak Wai; Lax, David; Gunter, Garry C.; Hendren, Jill; Kubsh, Joseph E.; Brezny, Rasto

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01345

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This will likely result in a poor air–fuel mixture and diffusion combustion (pool fire) of liquid fuel, leading to higher soot emissions. Previous studies have also shown increased particulate emissions with higher aromatic content gasoline fuels. ,− ,, …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Previous studies have also shown increased particulate emissions with higher aromatic content gasoline fuels. 5,[8][9][10]46,47 Figure 5 and Figure 6 illustrate the particle size distribution characteristics for all test fuels over the cold-start and hot-start LA92s, respectively. For most fuels, the particle size distributions showed bimodal profiles, consisting of a nucleation mode (10−23 nm) and an accumulation mode (23−100 nm).…”

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examined the influence of low-, mid-, and high-ethanol fueling, as well as the influence of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the fuel blend, on the regulated and greenhouse gas emissions, the mobile source air toxic pollutants, and the particulate emissions from a current model flexible fuel vehicle equipped with a gasoline direct injection engine. This study utilized a total of four fuels, including a baseline U.S. EPA Tier 3 E10 fuel, one E10 fuel with higher aromatics content than the baseline E10, an E30 fuel that was splash-blended with the Tier 3 E10, and an E78 fuel. Testing was conducted over triplicate cold-start and hot-start LA92 cycles. The findings of this study showed that the higher ethanol blends, namely, the E30 and E78, led to statistically significant reductions of 9%−13% for total hydrocarbon (THC), 13%−44% for non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), 20%−35% for carbon monoxide (CO), and 17%−36% for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to the higharomatics E10 fuel. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) for the high-aromatics E10 were higher than the Tier 3 E10, E30, and E78 blends. A fuel economy penalty was also observed for lower energy content E30 and E78 blends compared to both E10 fuels. Particulate matter (PM) mass, black carbon, and total and solid particle number emissions showed statistically significant reductions for the E30 and E78 fuels compared to both E10 fuels. Results also showed that the high PM index/high-aromatics E10 produced more particulate emissions than the low PM index E10, as well as higher populations of accumulation (soot) mode particles. Acetaldehyde formation was favored by the higher ethanol content in the fuel, resulting in significant increases compared to both E10 fuels. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) emissions enhanced their formation with the high-aromatics E10, whereas the use of E30 and E78 fuels showed important reductions in BTEX emissions.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Compared to other market fuels in the literature, our fuel had one of the highest PM index and Moriya values [40,41]. Studies with higher values (2.5-2.9) are limited [38,89]. Very high values (e.g., PM index of 3.2) have been tested at studies evaluating various indexes; these fuels were specifically blended for the specific studies [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs)

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The emission limit of non-volatile particles (i.e., particles that do not evaporate at 350 °C) with size >23 nm, in combination with the real driving emissions (RDE) regulation in 2017, resulted in the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in all light-duty vehicles with gasoline direct injection engines in Europe. Even though there are studies that have examined the particulate emissions at or beyond the current RDE boundary conditions, there is a lack of studies combining most or all worst cases (i.e., conditions that increase the emissions). In this study, we challenged a fresh (i.e., no accumulation of soot or ash) “advanced” prototype GPF at different temperatures (down to −9 °C), aggressive drive cycles and hard accelerations (beyond the RDE limits), high payload (up to 90%), use of all auxiliaries (air conditioning, heating of the seats and the rear window), and cold starts independently or simultaneously. Under hot engine conditions, the increase of the particulate emissions due to higher payload and lower ambient temperature was 30–90%. The cold start at low ambient temperature, however, had an effect on the emissions of up to a factor of 20 for particles >23 nm or 300 when considering particles <23 nm. We proposed that the reason for these high emissions was the incomplete combustion and the low efficiency of the three-way oxidation catalyst. This resulted in a high concentration of species that were in the gaseous phase at the high temperature of the close-coupled GPF and thus could not be filtered by the GPF. As the exhaust gas cooled down, these precursor species formed particles that could not be evaporated at 350 °C (the temperature of the particle number system). These results highlight the importance of the proper calibration of the engine out emissions at all conditions, even when a GPF is installed.

show abstract

“…The regeneration of soot can lead to breakage of the soot cake layer, which will reduce the filtration efficiency. However, in most driving conditions and life periods of a vehicle, the filtration efficiency of the GPF is expected to be very high (>90%) [16].The filter element is the key component to determining the performance of the GPF, so the material selection and structure design of the filter element are very important.Cordierite is commonly used in traditional filter element materials. It has a low thermal expansion coefficient and good thermal shock performance, which makes it a mature material for both flow-through substrates and wall-flow filters [17,18].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on a New Gasoline Particulate Filter Structure Based on the Nested Cylinder and Diversion Channel Plug

Qiu

et al. 2019

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Increasingly stringent emission regulations have imposed strict requirements on the particulate matter (PM) from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, and the gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) are considered one of the most promising devices for meeting these requirement. To reduce the flow resistance of the GPF, a type of nested cylinder and diversion channel plug (NC-DCP) GPF is designed. It is composed of nested foam metal cylinders and annular diversion channel plugs. The pressure drop and its influencing factors were theoretically studied. The results show that the structural parameters, such as the cylindrical layer spacing and the length-to-diameter ratio, and the pressure drop have trade-off relationships. Moreover, the filtration efficiency is analyzed, and the calculation formula is summarized. The internal flow field distribution and its influencing factors are discussed based on a 2-D axisymmetric simulation. The results show that the exhaust velocity affects the flow field uniformity but does not affect the flow field structure. The pressure drop gradually decreases as the number of nested layers increases, and the positive direction is beneficial to reduce the overall pressure drop. Under different velocities, there is an optimal length-to-diameter ratio to minimize the pressure drop, and the simicircular diversion plug greatly improves the flow uniformity index for the internal flow field of the filter element. ]. Actually, for GDI engines, the emissions may be low on a mass basis (mg/km) but can be very high on a number basis, 10 11 -10 13 #/km (number of solid particles emitted per kilometer), much more than PFI engines, exceeding the particulate number (PN) limit of 6 × 10 11 #/km in China and Europe. Compared with diesel engines equipped with diesel particulate filters (DPFs), modern gasoline engines can emit more PM [12,13].Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are effective devices for reducing PM emissions. With increasingly stringent emission regulations, research regarding the application of PM filters in GDI engines will become an inevitable trend. The particulate filter must have high filtration efficiency and a long life and satisfy other requirements, and the flow resistance (pressure drop) must be small. The physical characteristics of DPFs have been fully understood and documented [14,15], and these insights can be applied to GPFs. Initially, soot is captured in the wall, known as "deep-bed" filtration. When the filter is fresh, the filtration efficiency (the proportion of particles trapped) is not 100%, but it increases with the mileage. Soot and ash accumulation forms a layer on the filter wall to prevent further penetration of soot into the wall, which is helpful to improve the filtration efficiency. The regeneration of soot can lead to breakage of the soot cake layer, which will reduce the filtration efficiency. However, in most driving conditions and life periods of a vehicle, the filtration efficiency of the GPF is expected to be very high (>90%) [16].The filter element is th...

show abstract

Assessment of the Fuel Composition Impact on Black Carbon Mass, Particle Number Size Distributions, Solid Particle Number, Organic Materials, and Regulated Gaseous Emissions from a Light-Duty Gasoline Direct Injection Truck and Passenger Car

Cited by 22 publications

References 52 publications

Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle

Investigation of the Effect of Mid- And High-Level Ethanol Blends on the Particulate and the Mobile Source Air Toxic Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex Fuel Vehicle

Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs)

Study on a New Gasoline Particulate Filter Structure Based on the Nested Cylinder and Diversion Channel Plug

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About