Assessment of the Fire Dynamics Simulator for Modeling Fire Suppression in Engine Rooms of Ships with Low-Pressure Water Mist

Rivera, Roberto Bellas; Gómez, Miguel Ángel; Gonzalez-Gil, Lorena; Porteiro, Jacobo; Mı́guez, J.L.

doi:10.1007/s10694-019-00931-8

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Chai et al [13] studied different fire extinguishing systems in full-scale tests in utility tunnels and found that high-pressure water mist has better cooling and reignition prevention effects. Roberto et al [14] used FDS to simulate the low-pressure water mist fire extinguishing behavior for ship engine compartment fires, showing good consistency with real experiments in terms of compartment temperature change trends and fire extinguishing time. Zhao et al [15] successfully suppressed thermal runaway in a lithium-ion battery box using low-pressure water mist in experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Research on the Fire Extinguishing Efficiency of Low-Pressure Water Mist in Urban Underground Utility Tunnel Cable Fires

Jia,

Xia,

Ning

et al. 2023

Fire

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Low-pressure water mist fire extinguishing systems are a cost-effective and highly reliable option for fire protection. However, they have not yet seen widespread use in urban underground utility tunnels. To validate the fire extinguishing effectiveness of the system in cable fires within urban utility tunnels and to identify the key factors influencing its efficiency, a scaled-down test platform for low-pressure water mist fire extinguishing in utility tunnels was constructed, and a series of fire extinguishing tests was conducted. The test results demonstrate that low-pressure water mist can rapidly and effectively extinguish cable fires in utility tunnels, with the quickest fire extinguishing time of 7 s. Within 50 s of activating the system, the internal temperature of the tunnel can be reduced from 650 °C to 40 °C. Among the influencing factors, the pressure and nozzle flow coefficient have a significant impact on the fire extinguishing efficiency, while nozzle spacing has a relatively smaller effect. Thus, when the nozzle spacing meets the requirement of “no dead zones”, priority should be given to increasing the pressure and nozzle flow coefficient.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Research on the Fire Extinguishing Efficiency of Low-Pressure Water Mist in Urban Underground Utility Tunnel Cable Fires

Jia,

Xia,

Ning

et al. 2023

Fire

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“…Fire 2024, 7, 83 2 of 23 to 1997, have been reported to have occurred in the engine room, of which ~60% were caused by liquid fuels composed of hydrocarbons [1]. Bellas et al [2], drawing upon data from the ship-classification society Det Norske Veritas, noted that 63% of shipboard fires initiated in engine rooms, and of these incidents, excluding those occurring during yard repairs, 56% were instigated by oil leakages onto hot surfaces. Despite an overall decrease in annual shipping losses throughout the past decade (2011-2020), the incidence of fires aboard container ships has notably risen in recent years [3].…”

Section: Years Leadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until recently, Halon 1301 (bromo-tri-fluoro methane, CF3Br) and total-flooding carbon dioxide have served as the primary firefighting agents for protecting ships, particularly in machinery spaces and engine rooms [2,6]. Typically, a prescribed threshold concentration of these agents is employed for a designated duration to ensure effective fire suppression.…”

Section: Years Leadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…White et al [38] incorporated provisions into FDS to prevent spurious re-ignition and yield extinction and validated the developed FDS model with the fire extinction of a methanediffusion flame when oxygen concentration was depleted by supplying additional N 2 . Bellas et al [2] used FDS 6.7.0 to simulate seven experiments representing International Maritime Organization-approved water-based fire-suppression in machinery spaces [21], including five with spray fires (four with diesel oil and one with heptane) and two heptanepool fires with both exposed and obstructed fire configurations. Although fire suppression was predicted, there was no experimental HRR or MLR data available to compare.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Efficacy of Water Mist to Suppress Hydrocarbon Fires in Enclosures

Moinuddin,

Mahmud,

Joseph

et al. 2024

Fire

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Fire is one of the most undesirable events onboard a ship. The engine room is one of the most critical spaces in the ship in terms of fire protection, as it includes machinery, hydrocarbon fuel systems, and different electrical equipment. With the phasing out of Halon 1301 as a fire suppressant over recent decades, there has been an intensive effort to explore the efficacy of water-mist spray in mitigating fires within machinery spaces. This exploration entails a comprehensive investigation through experimental and simulation studies aimed at identifying suppression mechanisms and evaluating their effectiveness. While experimental setups typically encompass measurements of gas temperature, thermal radiation heat flux, oxygen concentration, and fire extinction time, limited attention has been paid to quantifying the heat release rate (HRR), a crucial indicator of fire magnitude. Furthermore, research into shielded fire scenarios remains sparse, despite their significance in maritime fire dynamics. Addressing shielded fires with water mist proves particularly challenging due to the potential obstruction impeding the direct interaction between the fire source and the water droplets. In the existing literature, most of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of fires and suppression was performed using a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Alternate studies were performed using FireFOAM. and very few employed FLUENT and other analogous software codes. In the majority of reported computational studies, the determination of HRR was typically relied upon for its calculation derived from the measured data of fuel mass loss rate. Moreover, certain studies were undertaken for numerical simulations without conducting thorough model validation, either by omitting validation altogether or solely validating against dry fire experiments (i.e., without water-mist suppression). This critical review of the literature has identified several notable research gaps in the context of extinguishing hydrocarbon fires utilising water-mist spray, warranting further investigations. Additionally, this review paper highlights recent advancements in both experimental and numerical investigations pertaining to the efficacy of water-mist fire-suppression systems in enclosed spaces regarding hydrocarbon fires.

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“…Other parameters, such as the nozzle spray spacing and installation height, etc., can be appropriately adjusted as required; however, this needs to be illustrated. The minimum distance between the nozzle and the protected object should achieve good atomization, while the maximum distance should ensure that the water mist has enough impulse to reach the surface of the protected object [44].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study on Fire Suppression of the Outdoor Oil-Immersed Transformer by High-Pressure Water Mist System

Song

Yao

Wei

et al. 2023

Fire

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Fire accidents due to oil-immersed transformers seriously threaten the safe operation of power systems. In this paper, the similarity principle was used to design a high-pressure water mist fire-extinguishing test platform for a small-scale transformer fire, and the design method achieved a good fire extinguishing effect. The results indicate that a deflagration phenomenon, lasting about 2–4 s, could be observed after activating the high-pressure water mist system; the flame temperature rose rapidly at first, then dropped sharply, and finally cooled to the indoor temperature. The nozzle’s flow rate in this system has a significant impact on the fire extinguishing time. Meanwhile, the adjustment of the upper nozzle height also influenced the fire suppression effectiveness of the system, where a height of 1800 mm achieved the best performance compared to the others. In addition, the ambient wind speed is a very unfavorable factor for transformer fire suppression, where the fire extinguishing efficiency decreases rapidly with the increase in wind speed. Therefore, under low wind speed conditions, the high-pressure water mist system has great advantages in the fire suppression of outdoor oil-immersed transformers, and the above research results can provide a reference for the optimization design of this system.

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Assessment of the Fire Dynamics Simulator for Modeling Fire Suppression in Engine Rooms of Ships with Low-Pressure Water Mist

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Research on the Fire Extinguishing Efficiency of Low-Pressure Water Mist in Urban Underground Utility Tunnel Cable Fires

Research on the Fire Extinguishing Efficiency of Low-Pressure Water Mist in Urban Underground Utility Tunnel Cable Fires

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Efficacy of Water Mist to Suppress Hydrocarbon Fires in Enclosures

Experimental Study on Fire Suppression of the Outdoor Oil-Immersed Transformer by High-Pressure Water Mist System

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