Assessment of the Effectiveness of a Seasonal-Long Insecticide-Based Control Strategy against Aedes albopictus Nuisance in an Urban Area

Abstract

Seasonal-long larvicide treatments and/or outdoor space-spray applications of insecticides are frequently applied to reduce Aedes albopictus nuisance in urban areas of temperate regions, where the species has become a permanent pest affecting people’s quality of life and health. However, assessments of the effectiveness of sequential interventions is a difficult task, as it requires to take into account the cumulative and combined effect of multiple treatments, as well as the mosquito seasonal dynamics (rather than mosquito abundance before and after single treatments). We here present the results of the effectiveness assessment of a seasonal-long calendar-based control intervention integrating larvicide treatments of street catch basins and night-time adulticide ground spraying in the main University hospital in Rome (Italy). Cage-experiments and an intensive monitoring of wild mosquito abundance in treated and untreated sites were carried out along an entire season. Sticky traps were used to monitor adult abundance and site-specific eco-climatic variations (by recording water left over in each trap), in order to disentangle the effect of insecticide treatments from eco-climatic drivers on mosquito seasonal dynamics. Despite the apparent limited impact of single adulticide sprayings assessed based on mortality in caged and wild mosquitoes, the results of the temporal analysis showed that mosquito seasonal patterns were initially comparable in the two sites, diverged in the absence of diverging eco-climatic conditions and remained stable afterwards. This allowed to attribute the lack of the expected Ae. albopictus population expansion in the treated site to the combined effect of multiple adulticide sprayings and larvicide treatments carried out during the whole season. The approach proposed was proved to be successful to assess effects of seasonal-long control treatments on adult mosquito population dynamics and could represent a valuable instrument to assess the effectiveness of other control interventions, to evaluate their actual cost-benefits and to possibly minimize space-spraying applications to reduce mosquito nuisance.

Phenotypic and genotypic pyrethroid resistance ofAedes albopictus, with focus on the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Italy

“…37,38 In fact, populations in temperate regions have been subjected in the past to selective pressure due to the patchy and uncontrolled, yet not neglectable, use of insecticide-based space spraying by private citizens and public administrations to achieve immediate and tangible, even though short-term, effects on mosquito nuisance. [59][60][61][62] The present study aimed to extend previous reports of phenotypic resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Ae. albopictus from Europe/Mediterranean areas, 38 to identify its possible genetic basis and to monitor the geographical distribution of resistant genotypes in populations across Italy, Albania and Greece.…”

“…albopictus populations detected so far in Europe . In fact, populations in temperate regions have been subjected in the past to selective pressure due to the patchy and uncontrolled, yet not neglectable, use of insecticide‐based space spraying by private citizens and public administrations to achieve immediate and tangible, even though short‐term, effects on mosquito nuisance …”

Effectiveness and economic assessment of routine larviciding for prevention of chikungunya and dengue in temperate urban settings in Europe

“…Other studies [ 2 , 6 , 7 ] have investigated the effectiveness of vector control in Europe using different approaches. The cost-effectiveness of larvicidal treatment against Ae .…”

“…Vector control interventions can be implemented by local authorities to keep in check mosquito abundance and consequently reduce the epidemiological risk. Adulticide spraying rapidly reduces the number of mosquitoes, but its effect is short-lived [ 2 ]. For this reason, it is particularly indicated in situations where the transmission risk needs to be reduced drastically and quickly, such as when an individual is diagnosed with an MBD, to prevent or curtail an outbreak [ 3 ].…”

Small-scale field assessment of efficacy of the autodissemination approach against Aedes sp. in an urban area

“…Albopictus effectively, especially in areas with low frequencies of mosquito population. Ovitraps are widely used as large-scale monitoring concerning public health as they are inexpensive, easy to handle and highly sensitive compared to other techniques [25–26]. A large number of eggs and larvae found in this study could be due to the ideal environment surrounding Dataran Automobil in Shah Alam.…”