Assessment of the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field application on the healing of bone defects in rats with heparin-induced osteoporosis

Static magnetic field enhances the bone remodelling capacity of human demineralized bone matrix in a rat animal model of cranial bone defects

“…It has been shown that introducing a magnetic field to the injured bone enhances the regeneration capacity. [42][43][44][45] The exact mechanism by which regeneration takes place has not yet been fully determined; however, the interactions of the electromagnetic field with the electroactive bone tissue may be the fundamental cause of the regeneration enhancement. 46,47 Recent studies investigating the impact of SMF on biological systems showed that in addition to the phenotypic alteration of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion, SMF can affect cell proliferation and differentiation.…”

Gathering Evidence to Leverage Musculoskeletal Magnetic Stimulation Towards Clinical Applicability

“…Osteoporosis, a highly relevant musculoskeletal disorder, is usually studied in animal models by mimicking osteoporotic phenotypes of low BMD, either through ovariectomy (OVX; the most used osteoporosis model), [110] disuse (hindlimb unloading (HU) which is a model that avoids weight-bearing by the animal's hindquarters) [103,111] or drug induction (e.g., heparin treatment). [112] In two studies, stimulation of OVX rats with PEMF of 8 Hz, 3.82 mT, for 40 min day À1 over 12 weeks prevented bone microarchitecture and biomechanical deterioration. [113,114] Vertebral bodies stimulated with those PEMF demonstrated increased BMD and bone volume up to þ32.78% and 1.23-fold, respectively, and improved microarchitecture: up to þ14.5% Tb.Th, þ20.3% Tb.N, and À16.8% Tb.S.…”

“…of bone resorption, and thus a decrease in serum CTX. [87,88,102,112,120,121,126,180] Netrin 4 may also play a role in the PEMF-induced decrease of osteoclastogenesis, [202] since PEMF increases the levels of this inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation, [203] and consequently of bone resorption, as other netrin proteins (e.g., netrin 1). PEMF effects on osteoclasts may also be related to the desensitization of osteoblasts to inflammation initiators, such as IL-1β, [204] resulting in a decreased expression and secretion of IL-6 and RANKL, among other cytokines, by these cells.…”

Techniques for Detection of Clinical Used Heparins

“…Despite the widespread application of heparins, several adverse reactions still exist, such as hemorrhage, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia [ 41 ], osteoporosis [ 42 ], elevation of transaminases, and hypersensitivity [ 20 ]. Hence, the clinical analysis and trials of heparins are indispensable.…”