Assessment of the Effect of Microstructure on the Magnetic Behavior of Structural Carbon Steels Using an Electromagnetic Sensor

Abstract

The magnetic properties of four carbon steels were evaluated using an electromagnetic sensor and correlated with their microstructures. Their composition, microstructure features (such as ferrite volume fraction, grain size, inclusions, etc), and hardness were compared with their saturated magnetic flux density, retentivity, and coercivity. The four steel rods used in this study were hot-rolled AISI 1010, AISI 1018, AISI 1045, and AISI 1045-high manganese/''stress proof.'' The results show that microstructures have a notable effect on the magnetic properties of the steels. In addition, the effect of variations in cross-section area of the steel rods on the magnetic response was investigated. The steel rods diameters were systematically reduced by machining and then magnetically evaluated. Consistent relationships between metallurgical characteristics of the structural carbon steels and their magnetic properties measured with the electromagnetic sensor were obtained. In addition, the sensor was found to be able to detect changes in magnetic properties due to variations in cross-section area. These results reveal that the electromagnetic sensor has the potential to be used as a reliable nondestructive tool to detect and monitor microstructural and morphological changes occurring during the different stages of steel manufacturing or alterations caused by a degradation mechanism.

Assessment of the Properties of AISI 410 Martensitic Stainless Steel by an Eddy Current Method

“…Therefore, domain wall motion was limited, which required a higher reverse field to remove the domain walls and contributed to higher energy loss. As a result, coercivity and hysteresis losses increased while permeability decreased [19,20].…”

A magnetorheological fluid based planetary gear transmission for mechanical power-flow control

“…The low carbon steel parts, i.e. the rotor disc and outer casing, were similarly set to follow the B-H relationship for the AISI 1045 steel they were manufactured from, which has a magnetic saturation limit of 2 T [25]. Within the study, a built-in adaptive meshing procedure was used with a fine setting, with coil currents set at 0.5 A increments from 0.5 A to 3 A, being a reasonable functional range of the device, given significant magnetic saturation was observed to occur towards 3 A.…”

The Influence of Microstructure on the Electromagnetic Behavior of Carbon Steel Wires

“…It is well known that the microstructure has a strong influence on its electrical and magnetic behavior of a ferromagnetic material. Pearlite volume fraction and interlamellar spacing has been found to influence the magnetic and mechanical hardness of carbon steels [1][2][3][4][5][6], as well as the degree of spheroidization of pearlite [7][8][9]. In addition, great correlations have been observed between the yield and ultimate tensile strength and the output signals from electromagnetic testing [10][11][12][13], also demonstrating their accurate capability for mechanical properties prediction of this type of material.…”