Assessment of the Divergent Influence of Natural and Non-Seasonal Hydrological Fluctuations on Functional Traits and Niche Characteristics of Plant Guilds along the Xiangxi River, China

Abstract

The reservoir water level fluctuation zones (RWLFZs) and the natural riparian zones (NRZs) are two riparian ecosystems with dramatically opposite hydrological rhythms that notably influence the plant guilds. However, little is known about the discrepancies of the functional traits and niche characteristics of plant guilds in the RWLFZs and NRZs under different flooding rhythms. The aims of this study were to assess the divergent influence of natural and non-seasonal hydrological fluctuations on functional traits and niche characteristics of plant guilds. The results showed that 78 vascular plant species were identified in the riparian zones of the Xiangxi River basin. The dominant species were annuals in the two riparian ecosystems and their percentage increased temporally from 65.79% in the NRZs to 67.34% in the RWLFZs. Compared with the NRZs, the specific leaf area, vegetation coverage and the aboveground biomass in the RWLFZs significantly increased by 74%, 27% and 19.6%, respectively, while the water-use efficiency of the RWLFZ decreased by 59.6% and there was no significant difference in the net photosynthetic rate between them, which showed that annuals in the RWLFZs adopted the R adaptation strategy of being fast-growing with a short lifespan and quickly acquiring and investing resources by altering leaf morphology, including expanding the leaf area. The Simpson dominance index of RWLFZs was significantly higher than that of NRZ. Thus, counter-seasonally hydrological alterations had significant effects on functional traits of dominant species in the RWFLZs. Moreover, the highly adaptable and widely distributed species with larger niche breadths and high important values usually had a higher niche overlap value in the RWLFZs than in the NRZs, which showed that the competition in the plant communities after experiencing anti-seasonal flooding was much more intraspecific than interspecific and would facilitate the expansion of species niches. Our findings imply that the species with large niche breadths and high important values should be prioritized in ecological restoration efforts in the newly formed hydro-fluctuation zones of the TGR.